616.076 

D36fi 


R.  HALSTED  WARD. 


Din 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/handbookofsystemOOdeem 


URINARY  ANALYSIS  SET.  After  Prof.  Draper. 

(For  Description  see  last  Page.) 


HANDBOOK 

OF  SYSTEMATIC 

URINARY  ANALYSIS 

CHEMICAL  AND  MICROSCOPICAL. 


FOB  THE  USE  OF  PHYSICIANS,  MEDICAL  STUDENTS, 
AND  CLINICAL  ASSISTANTS, 


FEANIK  M.  DEEMS,  M.D., 


LABORATORY  INSTRUCTOR  IN  THE  MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT  OP  THE  UNI- 
VERSITY OF  NEW  YORK;  MEMBER  OF  THE  N.  Y.  COUNTY  MEDICAL 

society;  member  of  the  n.  y.  microscopical  society,  etc. 


NEW  YORK: 

THE  INDUSTRIAL  PUBLICATION  COMPANY. 

1880. 


COPYRIGHT  SECURKD. 


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The  following  plan  or  method  for  the  systematic  examina- 
tion of  the  urine,  step  by  step,  both  chemically  and  micro- 
scopically, is  compiled  with  the  intention  of  supplying  stu- 
dents of  medicine,  clinical  assistants,  and  busy  practitioners 
with  a concise  guide,  which,  from  its  small  compass  and 
tabulated  arrangement,  will  serve  both  as  a bedside  refer- 
ence-book and  a work-table  companion.  While  it  cannot 
pretend  to  take  the  place  of  larger  works  upon  the  highly  im- 
portant subject  of  urinary  analysis,  the  compiler  hopes, 
from  his  somewhat  extended  experience  as  a teacher  of  this 
branch  of  physical  diagnosis,  that  it  will  serve  to  lessen  the 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  beginner,  and  save  time  to 
the  busy  practitioner  in  his  routine  examinations. 

429  West  Twenty-Second  Street, 

New  York,  Octoher,  1, 1880. 


HAITOBOOK  OF 


URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


Selection  of  a Specimen  for  Examination. 

If  possible,  obtain  for  examination  a specimen  from  the 
whole  quantity  of  urine  passed  in  the  twenty-four  hours,  which 
has  been  collected  and  mixed,  since  the  specific  gravity  and 
reaction  vary  considerably  at  different  times  during  the  twenty- 
four  hours.  If,  as  is  generally  the  case,  we  wish  merely  to 
ascertain  the  presence  or  absence  of  any  particular  substance, 
such,  for  example,  as  albumen,  or  sugar,  the  urine  passed  at 
any  time  of  the  day  will  in  general  suffice.  But  even  in  such 
cases,  to  render  the  observation  of  more  value,  it  is  better  to 
employ  the  urine  of  digestion  ( Urma  cibi)^  and  that  passed 
three  or  four  hours  after  dinner  is  the  best,  since  this  invariably 
contains  the  greatest  amount  of  any  foreign  substances,  if  such 
be  present.  Next  to  this  it  is  better  to  take  the  urine  first 
passed  after  rising  in  the  morning  [urma  sanguinis).  The 
urine  may  be  received  in  a perfectly  clean  half-gallon  mag- 
nesia jar,  covered  so  as  to  exclude  extraneous  matters.  Ex- 
a77tine,,  if  possible,,  within  three  hours  after  bemg  voided,  and  in 
all  cases  before  decomposition  has  begun.  When  received,  a 
portion  of  the  urine  (about  4 or  5 ounces)  should  be  poured 
into  a tall,  narrow,  cylindrical  glass  vessel.  A graduated  test- 


6 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


tube,  provided  with  a foot  or  base,  is  best,  since  it,  at  the 
same  time,  approximatively  measures  the  bulk*  of  any  deposit 
that  may  fall.  The  cylindrical  vessels  have  the  advantage 
over  conical  ones  of  having  no  sloping  slides  upon  which  the 
sediment  may  collect,  and  be  thus  prevented  from  falling  to 
the  bottom.  Cover  the  vessel  carefully  to  exclude  dust,  and 
set  it  aside,  whether  there  be  a visible  sediment  or  not.  Ex- 
amine it  microscopically  after  a few  hours.  Re-examine  it 
after  the  lapse  of  twelve  hours,  by  which  time  any  sediment 
that  is  likely  to  fall  will  have  subsided.  While  this  portion  is 
taking  care  of  itself,  divide  the  remaining  urine  into  several 
parts,  filtering  them,  if  necessary,  and  examine  them  chemically 
according  to  the  following  tabulated  scheme : 


Systematic  Qualitative  Analysis  of  the  Urine. 

SECTION  I. — GENERAL. 


1.  Color  of  the  Urine. 

f C Pale  urine ; colorless  to  straw-yellow. 

I.  orma  ^ Ordinary  urine ; golden-yellow  to  amber. 
CO  ors.  ^ Highly  colored ; reddish-yellow  to  brown. 


G.  Abnormal 
colors. 


Essential ; arising  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  body. 


Coloring  matter  of  the  blood. 

Biliary  Pigment,  Urohsematin,  Uroery- 
thrin,  Indican. 


If  Santonin,  Saffron, 
Various  color-  Gamboge,  Senna, 

ing  matters,  < Rhubarb,  Aloes, 

as  e.  g.  Logwood,  Gallic 

[ Acid,  Creosote,  etc. 


I.  Essential.  < 


2.  Odor. 

Normal.  ^ Sui  generis. 

f Whey-like.  Diabetes. 

Abnormal.  < Ammoniacal  \ Decomposition. 

[ Sulphuretted  Hydrogen.  Decomposition. 


2.  Accidental,  from  odoriferous  ( much  ^ Asparagus,  Garlic,  Oil  of  Turpen- 

substances  introduced  into  < , T-  j u,.  s tine,  Cubebs,  Copaiba,  Sandal- 

the  organism.  ( vaned  Ijy  ^ wood  Oil,  etc. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


7 


3.  Aspect. 

Normal  urine  is  always  clear;  clear  urine  is  not  necessarily  normal. 

The  urine  is  turbid  when  voided.  Ptcs^  3Iucus,  Epithelia,, 

The  Urine  is  sedimentary.  <(  See  Examination  of  Sediments. 

4.  Reaction, 

Normal  urine  has  an  acid  reaction,  due  principally  to  the  acid  phosphate  of  the  alkalies 

A . Drop  a very  small  slip  of  [ Both  are  red.  Acid, 
blue,  and  also  one  of  red, 

litmus  paper  into  the  urine,  < Both  are  blue.  Alkaline.  See  B. 
and  wait  till  they  are  com-  1 

pletely  saturated.  i One  is  blue  and  the  other  red.  Neutral. 

B.  Dry  the  blue  paper  in  the 

open  air,  or  in  a water-oven. 

(If  yellow  turmeric  paper  is 
used  it  will  be  drowned  hy 
an  alkali.) 

5.  Specific  G-ravity. 

1.  Hold  the  urinometer-cylinder  obliquely,  when  filling  it^  to  avoid  a foam. 

2.  Stand  with  the  back  to  the  source  of  light. 

3.  Hold  the  cylinder  by  the  top^  lightly,  between  the  thumb  and  forefinger,  letting 

it  swing  freely,  by  its  own  weight,  in  the  perpendicular  position,  so  that  the  stem 
does  not  touch  the  sides. 

4.  Read  by  the  lower,  sharp,  convex  edge  of  the  liquid,  the  fluid  being  bn  a level 

with  the  eye. 

5.  If  too  turbid  to  read  the  scale,  filter  the  urine  before  taking  the  specific  gravity. 

C Urinapotus,  1002° — 1015°. 

Normal.  < Urina  sanguinis,  1015° — 1020®. 

i Urinacibi,  1020° — 1030°. 

1030°  to  1065O. Test  for  Sugar ^ and  excess  of  Urea, 

pershtently°  { Test  for  Sections- 

Table  for  Reducing  tlie  Indications  of  a Glass  Unnometer  to  the  Standard  Tempera- 
ture (60°  F.),  when  the  Specific  Gravity  has  been  taken  at  a higher  temperature.  {Bird). 

The  urine  must  be  of  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  air,  otherwise  great  errors 
may  creep  in. 


Temperature 

No.  to  be 
added  to  the 
Indication. 

Temperature 

1 No.  to  be 
added  to  the 
Indication. 

Temperature 

No.  to  be 
added  to  the 
Indication. 

6oO 

0.00 

69O 

0.80 

780 

1.70 

' 6i® 

0.08 

70O 

0.90 

79° 

1.80 

620 

0. 16 

710 

1 .00 

80O 

1.90 

630 

0.24 

72O 

1 . 10 

810 

2.00 

640 

0.32 

73° 

1.20 

82O 

2.10 

65° 

0.40 

74° 

1 -30 

83° 

2.20 

66° 

0.50 

75° 

1.40 

84° 

2.30  • 

670 

0.60 

760 

1-50 

85° 

2.40 

680 

o - 70 

77° 

1 . 60 

860 

2.50 

Blue  color  persists  after  C t-*  a nr  ^ Potash 
complete  drying.  J { Soda. 

Original  red  color  is  re-  f -.t  , ,•  (i  Ammo- 

stored  to  the  paper.  1 \ u!a. 


8 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


6.  Quantity. 

From  40  to  60  fluid  ounces  (900  c.c.  to  1500  c.c.)  in  the  24  hours. 


7.  Detection  of  Abnormal  Substances  in  the  Urine. 


Divide  the  urine  into  several  portions,  in  which 
search  successively  for  the  following  sub- 
stances : 


Excess  of  Urea,  See  Section  I L 
Albumen.  See  Section  III. 
Sugar.  See  Section  IV. 

Bile.  See  Section  V. 

Blood.  See  Section  VI. 

Chyle.  See  Section  VII. 


8.  Examination  of  the  Sediments. 

Chemically. — See  page  13.  Microscopically. — See  page  20. 


SECTION  II. ^UREA,  (n  Hg)  2C  0.~ EXCESS  AND  DEFICIENCY. 

1. 

Reaction  of  urine  variable;  color  normal,  specific  gravity  over  1030°  (if  excess  be 
present).  Owing  to  irs  exceeding  solubility,  urea  never  forms  a spontaneous  deposit. 
A healthy  man  excretes  from  300  to  600  grains  in  the  24  hours. 


2.  Test  for  Excess. 


Take  from  the  fresh-mixed  urine  of  the  24  hours, 
about  an  inch  in  a test-tube.  Add  to  it  one- 
third  its  volume  of  pure  colorless  nitric  acid, 
and  set  the  tube  in  water  not  warmer  than 
6o°  F.  It  is  best  to  work  at  the  fixed  tempera- 
ture of  J3O  F.,  which  is  readily  obtained  by 
melting  ice  in  water. 


If  crystals  of  Nitrate  of  Urea  form 
immediately,  or  within  a few  mo- 
ments, urea  is  present  in  excess 
of  the  fiormal  proportion. 

Nitrate  of  Urea  shows  flat,  rhombic, 
or  hexagonal  plates,  closely  united 
to  one  another.  Colorless. 


3.  Test  for  Deficiency. 


Take  a sample  of  the  same  urine,  evaporate 
over  a water-bath  to  one-half  its  bulk  at  a low 
temperature,  allow  it  to  cool,  add  nitric  acid 
as  before,  and  set  the  tube  in  water  at  6o°  F., 
or  better,  in  water  containing  ice. 


Crystals  of  Urea  Nitrate  do  not  form 
within  a few  moments,  say  five 
minutes.  Urea  is  below  the  nor- 
mal proportion. 


Note. — The  quantity  of  urine  passed  in  twenty-four  hours 
must  be  taken  into  consideration,  for  if  the  patient  is  passing, 
instead  of  the  normal  1500  c.c.,  say  only  600  c.c.,  the  urine 
should  be  diluted  up  to  1500  c.c.  for  test  No.  2,  and  used 
without  evaporation  for  test  No.  3.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
patient  is  diabetic,  and  is  passing  3000  c.c.  per  twenty-four 
hours,  a given  sample  of  his  urine  must  be  reduced  to  one- 
half  by  evaporation  for  test  No.  2,  and  a portion  of  this  re- 
duced urine  still  further  reduced  one-half  for  test  No.  3. 


Handbook  of  urinary  analysis. 


SECTION  III. ALBUMEN. 

Normal  Urine  ought  never  to  contain  Albumen. 

1. 

cu  The  urine  is  turbid  and  sedimentary.  See  2. 
b.  The  urine  is  clear  and  transparent.  See  2 b. 


2. 


Filter 

or 

decant. 


' a.  The  sediment  must  be  examined  under  the  microscope  for  casts,  epi- 
thelia,  pus  corpuscles,  etc. 


b.  The  filtered 
urine  is 


c.  Acid  or  Neutral.  See  3,  Test. 


d.  AlkaUne. 


Neutralize  with  nitric  acid,  and  see 
3,  Test. 


3.  Test. 


G.  Pour  1 c.c.  of  nitric 
acid  into  10  c.c.  (i 
to  10)  of  urine  in  a 
test-tube. 


a.  Coagulation  takes  place.  It  is  prob-  C A Ibumen, 

ably  due  to  ( See  b, 

b.  There  is  doubt ; the  liquid  is  only  turbid,  or  C o ^ 

there  is  but  a slight  precipitate.  I 


H.  Heat  the  urine. 


c.  The  whole  is  redissolved. 

The  turbidity  or  precipitate  remains. 


Uric  Acid. 
Nitrate  of  Urea, 


A Ibumen. 
See  I. 


I,  Add  a small  quan- 
tity of  alcohol. 


e.  Turbidity  dis-  ( Pgsins  ^ Cubebs,  copaiba,  sandal-wood 

appears.  \ ’ ^ oil,  turpentine,  etc. 

f.  Turbidity  remains.  <(  Albumen. 


4. 

The  following  is  a rough  but  useful  approximate  quantity  test:  Boii  a given  quantity 
of  the  urine  in  a graduated  test-tube,  with  a drop  or  two  of  acetic  acid;  add  nitric  acid^ 
and  set  aside  for  at  least  twelve  hours.  The  precipitated  albumen  sinks,  and  forms 
a layer  of  varying  thickness.  The  proportion  of  albumen  is  estimated  by  the  depth 
of  this  layer,  as  compared  with  the  height  of  the  column  of  urine  in  the  tube  ; and 
may  be  expressed  in  numbers  as  1-12.  If  too  little  albumen  is  present  to  form 

a layer,  the  proportion  maybe  loosely  expressed  as  a “ cloudiness,”  or  “ opalescence.” 
Greater  accuracy  is  obtained  by  previously  filtering  the  urine  of  urates,  epithelium,  or 
extraneous  matter,  which  might  unduly  increase  the  bulk  of  the  deposit  on  standing. 


10 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


SECTION  IV. SUGAR,  (Ce  Oq)  + Hg  O. GLYCOSURIA. — DIA- 

BETES MELLITUS. 


1. 

The  essential  features  of  the  urine  in  diabetes  are  its  excessive  guatiiity  and  the  presence 
of  sugar  (glucose).  The  daily  quantity  of  the  urine  in  diabetes  oscillates  usually 
between  128  and  230  fluid  ounces  (8  to  15  pints).  It  has  been  known  to  exceed  32 
pints.  When  the  excretion  is  considerable  (exceeding  4 or  5 pints),  the  urine  has  a 
y&ry pale  straw  tint^  and  a peculiarly  bright  aspect;  a less  quantity  does  not  alter 
the  natural  general  appearance.  The  proportion  of  sugar  varies  from  8 to  12  per 
cent. ; the  quantity  excreted  daily  ranges  from-i5  to  25  ounces  (may  fall  to  an  ounce 
or  less;  may  rise  to  two  pounds  or  more).  The  specific  gravity  of  diabetic  urine 
usually  fluctuates  a few  degrees  above,  or  below  1040°;  it  may  rise  to  io6o°,  or  sink  to 
1015O.  The  sp.  gr.  is  no  criterion  of  the  amount  of  sugar  present,  coexistent 
excess  of  urea  may  cause  a high  density  with  little  sugar,  and  albuminuria  may 
cause  comparatively  low  density  with  much  sugar.  If  the  quantity  of  sugar  be  large, 
a sweetish  whey-like  odor  and  taste  are  communicated  to  the  urine.  Sediments  are 
rarely  observed  in  diabetic  urine. 


2. 

The  cold  urine,  filtered  or  decanted,  is  not  albuminous.  See  9. 

8 

The  cold  urine  contains  albumen.  \ See  7, 


4. 

The  urine  contains  bile  pigment,  or  is  otherwise  high  colored.  <{  See  8. 


5. 

The  urine  is  acid  or  neutral  (diabetic  urine  is  usually  acid).  «(  See  9. 


6. 


The  urine  has  an  alkaline  reaction 
due  to  ammoniacal  salts.  This 
interferes  with  the  copper  tests. 
So — 


f Boil  some  of  the  urine  in  a test-tube, 
. with  a small  piece  of  caustic  soda  or 
1 potash ; filter  or  decant. 


I 


See  9. 


7. 

Add  a few  drops  of  acetic  acid  to  the  urine ; boil  to  coagulate  the  albumen,  f 
filter,  neutralize  the  filtered  urine  with  a little  sodium  carbonate,  then  test  < See  9. 
as  per—  ( 

8. 

To  decolorize  the  urine,  put  an  ounce  or  two  in  an  eight-ounce  bottle,  f 
together  with  a tablespoonful  of  animal  charcoal,  and  a small  pinch  of  | 
sodium  carbo7iate.  Shake  well  for  five  or  ten  minutes,  and  then  filter  ^ See  9. 
A perfectly  colorless  liquid  will  thus  be  obtained,  and  greatly  facilitate 
the  application  of  the  copper  tests.  [ 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


II 


9.  Test  (Trommer’s). 


Add  to  a drachm  of  the  suspected  urine,  in  a test-tube,  about  five  drops  of  a 
solution  of  cupric  sulphate  (lo  grs.  to  the  fluid  ounce) ; then  add  of  caustic 
potash  solutio7t  (20  or  30  per  cent,  of  strength)  an  excess — i.e,,  until  the  pre- 
cipitate of  the  blue  hydrated  protoxide  of  copper  is  completely  dissolved.  Boil 
the  c/mr  blue  solution  (blue  or  black  precipitate ; no  sugar).  K yellow  ot 
red  (suboxide  of  copper)  precipitate. 


L... 


Note. — Repeat  the  test  once  or  twice  with  less  of  the 
copper  solution  each  time.  If  the  proper  proportions  have 
been  used,  the  copper-test  possesses  both  delicacy  and  cer- 
tainty. 

10.  Differential  Density  Fermentation  Test  (Roberts.) 

This  test  affords  a simple  and  usually  sufficiently  accurate  quantitative  analysis  for  ^ 
sugar.  Proceed  thus:  (i)  Place  four  fluid  ounces  of  urine  in  a twelve-ounce  bottle, 

with  a lump  of  German  yeast  the  size  of  a chestnut ; cork  loosely  so  that  the  carbonic 
acid  gas  may  escape,  or  cover  with  a slip  of  glass,  and  set  aside  in  a warm  place, 
such  as  the  mantel-piece,  to  ferment.  (2)  A companion  bottle  of  the  same  size 
has  put  into  it  the  same  amount  of  the  same  sample  of  urine,  but  no  yeast  is  added, 
and  it  is  tightly  corked  and  placed  beside  the  fermenting  vial.  (3)  In  about  22  hours, 
when fermentation  has  ceased,  the  two  vials  are  removed  and  placed  in  some  cooler 
part  of  the  room.  (4)  Two  hours  thereafter — that  is,  about  24  hours  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  experiment — the  contents  of  both  bottles  are  poured  separately  into 
cylindrical  vessels,  and  the  specific  gravity  of  each  taken  with  the  urinometer. 

(5)  The  difference  between  the  two  specific  gravities  is  thus  ascertained,  and  every 
degree  of- ^ density  lost"  indicates  one  grain  of  sugar  per fluid  ounce  of  the  urine — 
e.g.,  the  sp.  gr.  of  unfermented  xxxvao.— \ of  the  fermented  xmxi&^xo'zcP', 
difference  20  degrees  = 20  grains  of  sugar  per  fluid  ounce.  If  the  patient  has  passed, 
say,  80  ounces  in  the  24  hours,  then  80  X 20  = 1600  grains  of  sugar  excreted  in  the  24 
hours. 


SECTION  V. — BILIARY  MATTERS. 


1. 

Color  of  the  urine  greenish-yellow  to  dark  brown.  f 

Agitation  produces  a permanent  yellow  froth.  Bile  Pigments  present. 

White  filtering  (blotting)  paper,  or  linen,  stained  yellow.  ( 


2.  G-melin’s  Test. 

Spread  a thin  layer  of  the  urine  upon  a f The  drop  of  acid  is  tinged  with  a rapidly 
white  porcelain  surface,  and  add  to  it  a varying  play  of  colors  (in  the  following 
few  drops  of  acid  (nitric  acid  J order;  green,  blue,  violet-red,  and 

containing  the  lower  oxides  of  nitrogen) ; ] yellowish),  which  .speedily  disappear, 

that  from  the  cell  of  a Grove  or  Bunsen  The  most  characteristic  and  essential 
battery  answers  perfectly.  t color  is  the  green.  Bile  Pigments. 


12 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


3,  Pettenkofer’s  Test. 

Place  a small  quantity  of  urine,  which  has 
been  boiled  and  filtered,  in  a porcelain 
capsule  (or  watch-glass),  and  evaporate 
it  slowly  and  gently  over  a water-bath, 
or  spirit  flame,  until  but  a few  drops  re- 
main ; add  to  this  a drop  or  two  of  a 
solution  of  pure  s^dph^lric  acid  (i  part  to 
4 parts  of  distilled  water),  and  then  a 
drop  of  a saccharine  solution  (cane  sugar 
I part,  distilled  water  4 parts). 

Note. — Bile  pigments  have  the  property  of  adhering  to 
sediments  much  more  powerfully  than  other  pigments,  and 
may  be  detected  in  the  sediment  when  not  in  the  urine  itself. 


A cheriy-red  color,  rapidly  deepening 
until  it  becomes  a beautiful  purple,  or 
dark  lake  color,  appears.  Only  the 

I purple  color  is.  characteristic  of  the 
presence  of  the  Biliary  A cids. 

i 


SECTION  VI.— BLOOD. 


A,  On  Cooling,  the  Urine  Has  a Blood-red  Color. 

f I.  The  color  becomes  ? Coloring  matters  of  tJie 
a.  Add  a few  drops  darker.  > blood.  See  B. 

oi  Hydrochloric  < 

Acid.  I 2.  The  color  becomes  ? Foreign  coloring  mat- 

[ clearer.  > ters.  Rhubarb,  etc. 

2.  It  is  slightly  C b.  Allow  it  to  rest  until  a precipitate  forms,  which  C * j- 

turbid.  \ examine  \ According  to  3. 


It  is  trans- 
parent. 


3.  There  is  a red 
sediment. 


c.  Observe,  under  the  microscope,  whether  this  C rr  / 

precipitate  is  crystalline  or  amorphous ; on  < . , 

heating  it  in  a test-tube  it  becomes  dissolved,  i ' 

d.  The  microscope  shows  blood  corpuscles;  the  ^ n/  j 

precipitate  is  not  soluble  by  heat.  ^ ‘ 


B.  On  Cooling,  the  Urine  is  Reddish-brown,  “Smoky,”  or 
Ink-black. 


4.  There  is  no  sediment,  and  the  mi- 
croscope shows  no  blood  corpus- 
cles. Boil  the  urine  alone,  or 
with  a little  acetic  acid. 


A reddish-brown 
or  dirty  coagu- 
lum  forms. 


Coloring  matters  of  the 
blood.  Haemoglobin 
and  products  of  its  de- 
composition. 


SECTION  VII. CHYLE. 

1. 

Reaction  varies ; sp.  gr.  varies ; color  milky,  turbid,  opaque  (rose-colored,  if  blood  be 
present).  Consistence  sometimes  jelly-like. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


^3 


2.  Test. 

a.  Add  to  about  three  inches  of  urine  in  a test-tube,  about  C Fat  is  present,  and  has 
an  inch  of  sulphtiric  ether.  Gently  mix  them.  The  < been  ^ssolved  by  the 
urine  assumes  its  natural  color  and  transparency.  ( Ether.  See  3,  b. 


3. 


1.  Transfer  a little  of  the  Ether  (floating  on  the  urine),  C A characteristic  stain  of  fat 
by  means  of  a pipette,  to  a watch-glass  (or  slide),  < remains  on  the  glass  or  slide, 
and  allow  it  to  evaporate.  ( Chyle. 




Systematic  Chemical  Examination  of  Inorganic 
Urinary  Deposits. 

Note. — A portion  of  the  specimen  of  urine  that  has  been 
set  aside  in  a cylindrical  or  conical  vessel,  has  let  fall  a sedi- 
ment. The  first  step  consists  in  completely  separating  the 
deposit,  which  it  is  desired  to  examine,  by  filtration.  The 
sediment  remaining  upon  the  filter,  whatever  be  its  character, 
must  then  be  washed  with  a little  distilled  water.  The  various 
tests  will  be  found  under  the  following  sections : 

SECTION  I. — URIC  ACID  (c^H^N^O^). 

1.  G-eneral  Appearance  of  Urine  and  Deposit. 

Urine  depositing  uric  acid  has  usually  a rich  yellow  or  orange  color,  and  invariably  an 
acid  reaction.  The  uric  acid  crystals  may  form  a film  on  the  surface  of  the  liquid, 
or  lie  scattered  as  brilliant  brown  specks  on  the  sides  of  the  glass,  or  subside  into  a 
dense  red  deposit  (like  cayenne  pepper).  In  rare  instances  the  crystals  are  so  small 
as  to  require  the  microscope  for  their  detection.  Generally,  however,  the  naked  eye 
can  identify  uric  acid  with  certainty,  because  no  other  brown  crystals  occur  in  urine 
as  a spontaneous  deposit.  When  the  crystals  are  very  minute,  the  deposit  resembles 
the  amorphous  urate,  but  is  denser,  and  sinks  more  rapidly.  Uric  acid  is  usually 
accompanied  by  a considerable  sediment  of  urates.  A healthy  man  excretes,  on  an 
average,  about  7 or  8 grains  of  uric  acid  in  the  twenty-four  hours. 

2.  Calcination  at  a Red  Heat  (on  Platinum  Spoon.) 

No  residue;  gives  off  ammoniacal  odor. 

A light  black  porous  coal,  containing  nitrogen,  is  sometimes  left. 

3,  Solubility, 

a.  Insoluble  in  cold  water  (15,000  parts) ; slightly  soluble  in  boiling  water  (1800  parts). 

b.  Insoluble  in  all  dilute  acids ; alcohol ; ether. 

c.  Soluble  in  caustic  alkalies,  carbonates  of  potash  and  soda,  borax,  acid  phosphate  of 

soda,  from  which,  if  a slight  excess  of  an  acid  be  added,  crystals  are  re-precipitated. 

d.  Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid,  without  undergoing  decomposition. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS* 


4.  Action  of  Alkalies. 

Triturated  with  caustic  alkalies,  unctuous  compounds  are  formed,  and  ammonia  is  noi 
set free. 


5.  Action  of  Concentrated  Nitric  Acid. 

Dissolves  ivith  effervescence  and  forms  a crystalline  mass.  See  6. 

IUric  acid  is  decom-  ) ^ which  forms  the  crystalline  mass,  and 
posed  into  S Urea. 

Nitric  acid  is  decom-  ? Nitrous  acid,  which,  with  Urea,  give  Car- 
posed  into  } bonic  acid  and  Nitrogen. 

Causes  of  errors  ^ Urates.  < Dissolve  equally  with  effervescence,  as  well  as  cal- 
’5  Carbonates.  \ cined  ammonio-magnesian  phosphates.  {Beale.) 


6.  Mnrexide  Test. 

Upon  heating  this  mass,  and  slowly  evaporating  it  to  dryness,  a red  residue  remains, 
which,  treated  with  a few  drops  of  ammonia  (or  caustic  potash),  becomes  purple,  or 
violet-red  (murexide  or  purpurate  of  ammonia  or  potash).  If  potash  has  been  used, 
the  violet  color  disappears  under  heat.  Caffein  gives  the  same  reaction. 


7.  Nitrate  of  Silver  Test.  (Schiff’s.) 

Dissolve  traces  of  uric  acid  in  Carbonate  of  Soda.  With  this  solution  touch,  lightly,  a 
paper  upon  which  a drop  of  Nitrate  of  Silver  has  been  allowed  to  spread.  A dark 
spot  (reduced  nitrate  of  silver)  is  produced.  Will  detect  from  i-iooo  to  1-500,000 
of  Uric  acid.  ^ 


8.  Approximate  Estimation  of  the  Gluantity. 

To  30  fluid  ounces  of  urine  add  3 fluid  drachms  of  Hydrochloric  acid,  and  set  aside  in 
a cool  place,  as  a cellar,  for  24  hours.  At  the  end  of  that  time  the  uric  acid  crystals, 
highly  colored,  will  be  found  adhering  to  the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  vessel.  Collect 
them  on  a filter.  By  using  always  the  same  quantities  of  urine  and  acid,  a rough 
estimate  may  be  made. 


SECTION  II. — AMORPHOUS  URATES.  [LithateS,) 


1.  Naked-Eye  Appearance. 

The  “amorphous  urates”  occur  usually  in  acid  urine,  of  a high  density  (1027),  as  a 
bulk)^,  loose  pulverulent  deposit,  wholly  devoid  of  crystalization.  Its  color  (varying 
extremely  in  tint  and  intensity,  but  always  deeper  than  the  urine  from  which  it  falls) 
may  be  fawn,  orange,  “brick-red,”  pink,  or  purplish.  It  usually  sinks  quickly  and 
completely,  except  where  the  urine  is  albuminous,  in  which  case  the  precipitate  may 
continue  a long  while  diffused  throughout  the  urine,  giving  to  it  a milky  appearance. 
It  is  the  most  common  and  least  important  of  all  the  urinary  sediments.  Urine  con- 
taining an  excess  of  urates  is  never  turbid  when  freshly  passed ; it  is  only  when  the 
urine  has  cooled  that  the  peculiar  muddiness  is  observed. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


IS 


2.  Shake,  and  Heat  Some  of  the  Urine  in  a Test-Tuhe. 


a.  The  sediment  dissolves,  but 
•reappears  on  cooling. 


d.  There  is  doubt;  filter  the 
boiling  urine. 


AfnorphotiS  Urates. 

Urate  of  soda  dissolves  at  about  ioo°  F. 

Urate  of  ammonia  dissolves  at  about  200°  F. 

On  cooling,  the  filtrate  yields  a deposit — Urates. 
Filter,  and  apply  murexide  test  to  some  of  the 
deposit  on  the  filter. 


c.  Add  strong  Acetic  acid X.o  some  of  the  deposit, 
and  recrystalizes  as  Uric  acid. 


It  dissolves,  I 


SECTION  III. OXALATE  OF  LIME. 


1.  General  Appearance  of  the  Deposit. 

Urine  depositing  oxalate  of  lime  is  usually  highly  colored  (dark  amber  hue),  and  acid 
(rarely  neutral).  The  deposit  itself  is  very  scanty,  colorless,  and  closely  resembles  a 
slight  cloud  of  mucus.  It  is  often  conjoined  with  a deposit  of  uric  acid  and  the 
amorphous  urates.  If  freshly-passed  urine  be  allowed  to  deposit  oxalate  of  lime  in  a 
glass  vessel,  its  sides  will  be  traversed  by  very  numerous  fine  lines,  running  in  bands, 
transversely  or  obliquely,  looking  as  if  the  glass  were  finely  scratched.  The  sediment 
consists  of  two  parts — a soft,  pale-grey,  mucus-like  layer  on  the  bottom  of  the  vessel, 
and  overlying  this  a snow-white  denser  layer,  with  an  undulating  but  sharply  defined 
surface.  The  form  of  the  crystals  of  oxalate  of  lime  is  so  characteristic,  that  there  is 
seldom  occasion  to  make  use  of  chemical  tests  to  determine  them.  They  are  too 
minute  to  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye.  Next  to  urates,  oxalate  of  lime  is  the 
most  common  unorganized  urinary  sediment. 


2.  Solubility. 


Soluble  (readily)  in 


Mineral  acids,  without  ejffervesence ; 
of  soda. 


also  in  acid  phosphate 


Insoluble  in 


Water,  alcohol,  ether,  alkalies,  vegetable  acids, 
phosphates  by  its  insolubility  in  A cetic  acid. 


Distinguished  from  the 


'SECTION  IV. — PHOSPHATES. 

The  phosphates  are  only  separated  from  very  feebly  acid, 
or  alkaline  urine,  and  they  are  always  deposited  when  the 
urine  undergoes  the  alkaline  fermentation. 

1. 

Th,  urine  is  turbid  or  sedi-  f Ifa^nyTci^^'  { ■! 

mentary  Divide  into  two  < 

portions,  a and  b.  b.  Filter  or  decant  f c 

I and  1 


i6 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


2, 


The  urine  has  been  recently  passed,  and  C A precipitate  is  formed  which  C 

is  clear  and  limpid.  Boil.  ( is  soluble  in  acids.  \ P te  . 


3. 


Add  an  excess  of  ammonia  to  the  urine 
under  investigation,  agitate,  and  then 
allow  to  rest. 


f Earthy  phosphates  are  precipitated. 

‘ Acids  dissolve  them.  See  4,  A . 

A Ikaline  phosphates  remain  in  solution. 
See  6,  B, 


4.  ^—Earthy  Phosphates. 


Filter,  or  decant, 
throw  upon  the 
precipitate  < 

acid  q.  s.  to  com- 
pletely dissolve  it. 


Neutralize  with  a. 
few  drops  of  Am- 
monia, then  add  < 
a little  A mmo- 
nium  chloride. 


Then  add  slowly 
and  in  excess. 
Oxalate oj Am-  " 
monia. 

\ 


A precipitate  falls. 

Oxalate  of  Lime. 

Exatnine  it  microscopi- 
cally. 

A mmonio-magnesian 
phosphate  remains  in 
solution ; decant,  or 
filter,  and  see  6,  B. 


5. 


Add  an  excess  of 
Ammonia\.o\}oo  ^ 
decanted  or  fil-  " 
tered  urine. 


I.  A precipitate. 


2.  No  precipitate. 


A mmonio-magnesian  phosphate  (recognize 
under  the  microscope) ; soluble  in  acids,  in- 
soluble in  water  and  alkaline  solutions. 

Leave  a little  of  the  urine  in  a closed  test-tube 
for  twenty-four  hours.  If  there  be  no  pre- 
cipitate, there  is  no  Phosphate  of  Magnesia 
in  the  urine. 


6.  -B— Alkaline  Phosphates. 


Divide  the  urine 
into  two  por- 
tions. Acidu- 
late a with  Ni- 
tric acid. 


Add  an  equal 
volume  of  ^ 

A yellow  pre- 

cipitate. 

Molybdate 

< 

of A mmonia. 

No  immediate 
precipitate. 

Phosphoric  acid,  in  the  state  of 
phospho-molybdate  of  ammo- 
nia, insoluble  in  acids,  soluble 
in  alkalies. 

There  are  only  traces  of  phos- 
phoric acid.  Heat  mixture  to 
about  104O  F. 


From  h drive  off  the 
ammonia  by  boil- 
ing, then  separate 
the  urine  into  two 
parts. 


' Add  alcoholic 
solution  of 
Bichloride  of 
Platinum. 

< 

Add  solution 
of  bi-metcc- 
anthno7iiate 
^ of  potassa. 


C Potassa,  in  the  state  of 
A precipitate.  < chloro-platinate;  beautiful 

t yellow  octahedral  crystals. 


A granular  pre- 
cipitate. 


Soda. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


17 


SECTION  V. CYSTINE  (C3  H;  N S O3). 

1,  G-eneral  Appearance. 

Very  rare  urinary  sediment.  A copious,  light  sediment  (resembling  fawn-colored 
urates),  deposited  from  a urine  leebly  acid  (or  alkaline),  of  a yellowish-green  color ; 
oily  appearance ; peculiar  sweetbi  iar  odor  (when  fresh) ; very  liable  to  decomposition 
(evolving  ammonia  and  sulphureted  hydrogen),  and  liable  to  be  accompanied  by 
ammonio-magnesian  phosphates,  mucus,  and  epithelia. 


2.  Solubility, 


S Beautiful  six-sided  colorless  crystals  reappearing 
when  the  volatile  alkali  has  evaporated.  They 
polarize  light. 


I.  Soluble  in 


Caustic  alkalies. 


Boiled  with  Caustic  Potash^  cystine  yields  ammonia 
and  an  inflammable  gas. 


Mineral  acids.  •(  Forming  crystalline  compounds. 


Oxalic  acid. 


2.  Insoluble 
in 


Precipitates  it  from  its  alkaline  solutions,  amor- 
phously, or  in  imperfectly  formed  crystals, 

1 Ammonium  carbonate.  <(  Precipitates  it  from  its  cucid  solutions. 

Water,  alcohol,  vegetable  acids  (except  oxalic). 


Acetic  acid. 


3.  Heated  on  Platinum  Foil. 

Burns  in  the  air  wit*h  a bluish-green  flame,  evolving  thick  white  fumes,  having  a peculiar, 
offensive,  acid,  garlic-like  odor,  leaving  a spongy  charcoal,  and  staining  the  platinum 
a dark  greenish-blue  color,  which  disappears  render  further  heating. 


SECTION  VI. LEUCIN. 

Very  rare  deposit  in  the  Urine, 

Pure  Leucin  is  a white  non-cry stallizable.,  odorless,  and 
tasteless  organic,  fatty-looking  substance.  If  the  urine  be 
suspected  to  contain  it,  see  i. 


1. 


Evaporate  slowly  an  ounce  or  two  of  the  urine  to  the  consistence  of  a syrup,  and  set 
aside  to  cool.  Leucin,  if  present,  appears  as  circular,  oily-looking,  dark-yellow, 
laminated  discs,  or  spheres,  which  float  upon  water. 


x8 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


2,  Solubility. 

' Boiling  water,  very  ; alcohol,  sparingly. 

Strong  acids. 

Soluble  in  Dissolved  in  ammonia  it  remains  unchanged,  and 

Strong  alkalies.  < yields  larger  spherules  when  the  ammonia  sponta- 
\ C neously  evaporates. 

C C This  distinguishes  it  from  fatty  matter,  which  it  so  much  re- 

Insolublein^  Ether.  < sembles.  From  crystals  oi  Carbonate  of  Lime,  Leucin  may 
C (be  determined  by  floating  on  water — the  lime  crystals  sink. 


3.  Test. 

Put  a small  quantity  of  Leucin  on  a platinum  spatula,  add  Nitric  acid,  evaporate 
carefully  to  dryness.  Treat  the  residue  with  a few  drops  of  Caustic  Soda  solution, 
which  dissolves  it.  Gently  heat  to  concentrate;  an  oily-looking  drop  is  formed, 
which  can  readily  be  rolled  about  under  the  spatula,  neither  moistening  nor  adhering 
to  it.  {^Scherer.) 

Note. — As  Leucin  can  rarely  be  had  from  the  urine  in 
sufficient  quantity  to  apply  this  characteristic  test,  we  have  to 
rely  entirely  upon  its  microscopic  characters. 


• • 

section  VII. TYROSIN  (Cg  Hu  N O3). 

Very  rare  deposit  in  the  Urine, 

1.  General  Appearance. 

Greenish-yellow  crystalline  sediment,  increasing  considerably  in  bulk  with  slight  evapor- 
ation of  the  urine. 

2.  To  Obtain  It. 

In  doubtful  cases  concentrate  the  urine,  as  recommended  in  the  case  of  Leucin. 

3.  Test. 

Boll  the  suspected  deposit  in  an  excess  of  water,  and  while  boiling  it  add  a few  drops 
of  a solution  of  Nitrate  of  the  Protoxide  of  Mercury  (nearly  neutral) ; if  Tyrosin  be 
present,  a red  precipitate  will  go  down,  while  the  supernatant  liquid  will  be  colored 
rose  or  purple-red.  ifioffmann.) 

4.  Solubility. 

Soluble  in  { Acids,  alkalies,  and  boiling  water. 

Insoluble  in  <(  Ether,  alcohol,  and  cold  water. 

5.  Calcination. 

Emits,  when  burned,  a disagreeable  burnt-horn  odor,  and  does  not  sublime. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


19 


Examination  of  Urinary  Calculi. 

(After  Witthaus.) 

1.  Heat  a portion  to  redness  on  platinum  foil: 

a.  It  is  entirely  volatile.  See  - - - ‘ - 2 

b,  A residue  remains.  See  - . » - 5 

2.  Moisten  a portion  with  N O3  H,  evaporate  nearly  to  dry- 

ness, add  (N  H4)  H O : 

a.  A red  color  is  produced.  See  ” - *•  3 

b.  No  red  color.  See  - 4 

3.  Treat  a portion  with  K H O,  without  heating : 

a.  An  ammoniacal  odor  is  observed.  - A7nmonium  urate. 

b.  No  ammoniacal  odor,  - Uric  acid. 

4.  a.  The  N O3  H solution  becomes  yellow  on  evapora- 

tion ; the  yellow  residue  becomes  reddish-yellow 
on  the  addition  of  K H O,  and,  on  heating  with 
K H O,  violet-red,  -----  Xanthin. 
b.  The  N O3  H solution  becomes  dark  brown  on 


evaporation,  ------  Cystine. 

5.  Treat  as  in  2 : 

a.  A red  color  is  produced.  See  - » « 6 

b.  No  red  color.  See  - - - - ® g 

6.  Heat  before  the  blow-pipe  on  platinum  foil : 

a.  Fuses, 7 

b.  Does  not  fuse, 8 

7.  a.  Colors  the  flame  yellow,  - - - Sodium  urate, 

b.  Colors  the  flame  violet,  - - Potassium  U7'ate. 


20  HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 

8.  The  residue  from  6 : 

a.  Dissolves  in  dilute  H Cl  with  effervescence ; the 
solution  forms  a white  ppt.  with  ammonium 
oxalate,  ------  Calcium  urate. 

b.  Dissolves  with  slight  effervescence  in  dilute 
S O4  Hg ; the  solution  neutralized  with  (N  H4)  H O, 
gives  a white  precipitate  with  P O^H  Na2, 

Magnesium  urate. 

I 

9.  Treat  as  in  6 : 

a.  It  fuses,  - - - Ammonio-magnesian  phosphate. 

b.  It  does  not  fuse, 10 

10.  The  residue  from  6,  when  moistened  with  water,  is : 

a.  Alkaline, ii 

b.  N ot  alkaline,  - - - Tricalcic  phosphate. 

1 1 . The  original  substance  dissolves  in  H Cl : 

a.  With  effervescence,  - - . Calcium  carbo7iate. 

b.  Without  effervescence,  - - Calcium  oxalate. 



Systematic  Microscopical  Examination  of 
Urinary  Deposits. 

REMOVAL  OF  THE  DEPOSIT  FROM  THE  VESSEL  CONTAINING  IT. 

In  order  to  remove  the  deposit  from  the  lower  part  of  the 
vessel  in  which  it  has  subsided,  the  upper  end  of  the  pipette 
(a  glass  tube  with  both  extremities  open,  one  of  which  is  much 
smaller  than  the  other,  and  tapering),  is  firmly  closed  by  the 
forefinger,  and  the  tapering  extremity  carried  down  to  the 
very  bottom  of  the  glass  beneath,  or  at  least  in  contact  with. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


21 


the  layer  of  sediment  there  formed.  The  forefinger  should 
now  be  raised  sufficiently  to  allow  about  an  inch  of  the 
calibre  of  the  tube  to  be  filled  with  the  sediment,  when  the 
upper  aperture  is  to  be  again  tightly  closed,  the  tube  with- 
drawn, about  one-half  of  its  contents  allowed  to  flow  out,  and 
the  external  surface  wiped  off  with  a piece  of  new  linen  or 
muslin.  A certain  quantity  of  the  deposit,  usually  a single 
drop^  is  now  allowed  to  flow  on  the  glass  slide  (which  has 
been  scrupulously  cleaned),  or  in  a shallow  cell,  by  gently 
raising  the  forefinger  from  the  top.  It  is  then  covered  with  a 
thin  glass  cover,  and  subjected  to  examination  in  the  usual 
. way.  Always  examine  with  a lower  power  firsts  and  then  with 
a higher  one.  Any  excess  of  urine  which  may  exude  at  the 
margin  of  the  cover,  should  be  removed  by  bringing  in  con- 
tact with  it  a piece  of  filtering  or  blotting  paper,  or  the  ragged 
edge  of  a piece  of  old  muslin. 

The  removal  of  urinary  deposits  by  means  of  a pipette  is  an 
awkward  and  unsatisfactory  mode  of  procedure,  and  several 
ingenious  contrivances  have  therefore  been  devised  to  facilitate 
their  collection  and  removal.  Small  glass  trays  with  glass 
handles  have  been  recommended ; the  tray  is  placed  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  urine-glass,  and  when  the  urine  has  deposited  its 
sediment,  the  tray  is  raised  by  means  of  the  handle,  and  the 
sediment  examined.  In  this  way,  however,  the  deposit  is  re- 
moved en  masse,  and  successive  layers  cannot  conveniently  be 
examined  seriatim.  To  obviate  these  difficulties,  an  improved 
and  exceedingly  simple  form  of  urine-glass,  for  the  collection 
and  examination  of  deposits,  has  been  contrived,  by  which 
minute  quantities  of  sediment  can  be  withdrawn  for  the  pur- 
pose of  microscopic  examination.  The  arrangement  consists 
of  a slight  modification  of  Mohr’s  burette ; this  is  shortened 
and  widened,  forming  a conical  cylinder  of  sufficient  capacity 
to  hold  two  ounces  of  urine,  and  width  to  allow  a urinometer 


22 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


to  float  freely.  The  sediment  is  drawn  off  by  means  of  a 
glass  jet  inserted  into  a piece  of  india-rubber  tubing,  which  is 
attached  to  the  neck  of  the  urine-glass.  The  flow  is  broken 


by  a spring  pinch-cock,  which,  by  compressing  the  tubing  be 
tween  the  neck  of  the  urine-glass  and  the  jet,  eftectually  pre- 
vents leakage.  On  pressing  the  pinch-cock  the  compression 
is  removable,  and  a flow  occurs.  Three  or  four  pieces  of 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


23 


india-rubber  tubing  fitted  with  glass  jets  are  supplied  with 
each  instrument,  and  these  when  not  in  use  are  to  be  kept  in 
a bottle  filled  with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  to  prevent  their 
becoming  encrusted.  The  whole  instrument,  mounted  on  a 
black  stand  with  lacquered  brass  supports,  is  a neat  as  well  as 
useful  adjunct  to  the  consulting-room  table. 

Thin  shallow  cells,  made  of  glass,  or  gum  dammar,  or 
animalcule  cages,  present  certain  advantages  over  plain  slides 
for  examining  urinary  deposits,  since  in  the  former  a stratum 
of  fluid  of  any  degree  of  thickness  can  be  very  readily  ob- 
tained. With  a plain  slide  it  is  almost  impossible  not  to 
greatly  modify  the  microscopic  appearance  of  the  deposit  by- 
pushing  the  cover  upon  the  stratum  of  urine  between  it  and 
the  slide.  Blood  corpuscles  and  amorphous  matter  may,  by 
this  movement,  be  so  aggregated  together  into  cylindrical 
masses  as  to  closely  resemble  tube-casts,  and  thus  lead  to 
serious  error.  By  using  a shallow  cell  this  source  of  error  is 
avoided. 

MAGNIFYING  POWERS  REQUIRED  FOR  THE  EXAMINATION  OF 
URINE. 

Urinary  sediments  require  to  be  examined  with  different 
magnifying  powers.  The  objectives  which  the  author  would 
recommend  to  the  student  are  the  two-third  inch  (giving  a 
magnifying  power,  with  different  eye-pieces  of  from  75  to  150 
diameters),  and  the  one-fifth  inch  (250  to  700  diameters). 
If  the  above-mentioned  objectives  are  of  really  excellent 
quality,  additional  magnifying  power  can  be  most  economic- 
ally obtained  by  means  of  an  amplifier,  or  by  using  higher 
eye-pieces.  For  urinary  examinations,  magnifying  powers  of 
from  200  to  600  diameters  will,  in  general,  answer  all  require- 


24 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


ments.  The  purchase,  therefore,  of  a higher  power  objective 
than  a one-fifth  or  one-sixth  inch  may  be  safely  deferred  by 
the  student  until  he  $hall  have  become  somewhat  of  an  expert 
in  microscopical  manipulation.  Without  any  disparagement 
to  the  numberless  excellent  instruments  in  the  market,  within 
the  reach  of  the  student  of  limited  means,  the  author  can 
recommend,  from  personal  experience  in  its  use,  the  New 
Workmg  Microscope^  recently  brought  out  by  Mr.  George 
Wale,  an  illustration  of  which  will  be  found  elsewhere. 

THE  MICRO-CHEMISTRY  OF  URINARY  DEPOSITS. 

In  the  investigation  of  those  deposits  which  are  prone  to 
assume  very  various  and  widely  different  forms,  such,  for 
example,  as  uric  acid,  it  will  often  be  necessary  to  apply  some 
simple  chemical  tests  before  the  nature  of  the  substance  under 
examination  can  be  positively  determined.  By  a little  in- 
genuity and  practice,  the  student  may  perform  under  the  mi- 
croscope all  the  chemical  tests  described  in  the  foregoing 
Systematic  Cher?iical  Exammation  of  Inorganic  Urinary  De- 
posits. But  Nitric  acid  and  Hydrochloric  acid  should  never  be 
employed  under  the  microscope,  where  it  can  be  avoided,  as 
the  vapor  from  these  acids  rapidly  corrodes  the  metallic 
mounting  of  the  objective.  Whenever  they  are  employed  the 
objective  should  be  promptly  and  carefully  wiped  with  apiece 
of  fine  old  linen,  or  a piece  of  soft  glove  leather.  In  applying 
reagents,  the  pointed  extremity  of  some  blotting  or  filtering 
paper,  or  a thread,  may  be  inserted  between  the  slide  and  thin 
glass  cover  (or  it  may  be  applied  closely  against  the  latter), 
while  a drop  of  the  reagent  is  placed  upon  the  other  ex- 
tremity of  the  paper  at  a short  distance  from  the  thin  cover. 
The  paper,  absorbing  the  fluid  by  capillarity,  establishes  a 
current  passing  from  the  point  upon  which  the  reagent  was 


NAMES  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE  MICROSCOPE. 

To  aid  the  student  in  acquiring  a familiarity  with  the  microscope,  we  have  inserted  a 
cut  in  which  the  names  of  all  the  different  parts  are  given  in  connection  with  each.  The 
microscope  is  that  known  as  the  New  Working  Microscope,  which,  with  two  eye-pieces, 
and  2-3  and  1-5  objective,  is  sold  by  the  Industrial  Publication  Company  for  $35. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


25 

deposited,  through  the  paper,  to  the  thin  glass.  What  occurs 
may  then  be  observed,  and  the  chemical  reaction  which  ensues 
be  investigated.  A much  more  expeditious  process  consists 
in  treating  a small  drop  of  the  sediment  upon  a glass  slide,  with 
an  excess  of  the  reagent,  then  cover  the  whole  with  the  thin 
glass,  and  examine  the  result  under  the  microscope.  A com- 
panion drop,  not  so  treated,  will  show  by  comparison  the 
changes  which  the  reagent  has  induced.  The  following  tables 
give  the  behavior  of  most  urinary  deposits  when  treated  with 
acetic  acid. 




General  Micro-Chemical  Analysis  of  Urinary 
Sediments. 

The  simplest  and,  perhaps,  best  division  of  urinary  deposits 
is  into  unorgaiiized  and  organized. 

A.  UNORGANIZED  SEDIMENTS. 


W Crystallized. 


Acid  Urine. 

Uric  Acid, 

Oxalate  of  Calcium, 

Calcium  Phosphate  (Stellar), 
Cystine, 

Tyrosine. 


2.  Alkaline  Urine. 
Ammonium  Urate, 
Triple  Phosphate, 
Calcium  Phosphate, 
Magnesium  Phosphate. 
(Very  rare.) 


(h)  Amorphous. 


Urate  of  Sodium  and  Potassium,  Calcium  Carbonate, 

Fats.  Calcium  Phosphate. 


SECTION  I. — NON-ORGANIZED  BODIES. 


1.  Distinctly  Crystalline  Bodies. 


Very  large  transparent  crystals  with  sharply  1 
defined  edges,  generally  isolated.  Typi- 
cal form,  a triangular  prism  with  beveled  > 
edges.  Occurs  in  alkaline  urine  only. 
Polarizes  light  beautifully.  J 


Soluble  in  Acetic 
acid. 


A mmonio-tna^ 
nesian  (or  Triple) 
Phosphate. 


Large  crystals,  often  grouped,  always  col-  1 
ored  (in  red,  yellow,  or  brown)  ; typical 
forms,  a four-sided  rhomb  or  hexagonal  1 Insoluble  in  Acetic 
plate ; surface  often  fissured ; outlines  j acid, 
very  dark.  Occurs  in  acid  urine  only. 

(Use  a power  of  loo  or  200  diameters.)  J 


Uric  acid. 


26 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


Large  crystals,  colored^  closely  resembling  I 
* ammonio-magnesian  phosphate  in  form,  I 

may  occur  in  needles,  either  separate  or  I Insoluble  in  Acetic 
combined  in  stellate  groups.  Occurs  | acid, 
only  in  acid  urine.  Very  rare  deposit.  I 
(Use  a power  of  200  diameters.)  J 


Very  small  crystals  (less  than  i-ioooth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  usually),  isolated ; octo- 
hedral  form  (more  rarely  dumb-bells) ; 
very  transparent,  or  of  a faint  greenish  )• 
tint;  very  refractive;  sharp  edges;  re- 
quire a power  of  400  to  600  diameters  to 
show  them  well. 


Insoluble  in  Acetic 
acid. 


Irregular,  opaque,  globular  masses,  or 
spherules,  with  spiny  projections  (either 
straight  or  curved),  “hedge-hog”  crys- 
tals— or  prismatic  crystals  arranged  in 
star-like  masses.  Comparatively  rare 
spontaneous  deposit  in  the  crystalline 
form.  Found  in  acid  and  neutral  urine. 


Crystalline  rods,  either  separate  or  in  stel-  ) 
late  groups  (rosettes),  or  sheaf-like  bun-  j 
dies.  Some  of  the  crystals  club,  wedge, 
or  bottle  shaped,  and  abundantly  marked  1 Soluble 
with  lines  of  secondary  crystallization.  S 
Frequently  associated  with  oxalate  of 
lime.  Not  a very  common  deposit. 

Found  in  pale,  faintly  acid  urine,  with  a 
tendency  to  alkaline  fermentation. 


in  Acetic 


Regular,  colorless,  hexagonal  tablets;  va- 
rious sizes ; united  by  their  flat  surfaces, 
and  overlapping  one  another ; may  have 
an  iridescent  mother-of-pearl  lustre;  sur- 
faces often  marked  vdth  lines  of  second- 
ary crystallization  ; or  (being  dimorphous) 
square  prisms,  singly  or  stellate ; strongly 
refracting  light.  A very  rare  deposit. 


hisoluble  in  Acetic 
acid. 

{Soluble  in  Ammo- 
nia. This  differ- 
entiates it  from 
Uric  acid.) 


More  or  less  yellowish-tinged,  highly-re-  1 

fractive  spheres,  having  the  appearance  hisoluble  in  Ether, 
of  fat  globules,  with  sharp  contours,  and, 

with  good  light,  showing  radii  and  deli-  [ (Distinguishes  it 
cate  concentric  lines.  Found  only  in  from  Fat.) 

grave  destructive  diseases  of  the  liver.  J 


Very  fine  short  silky  acicular  prisms,  or 
needles,  arranged  in  beautiful  bundles, 
tufts,  or  “ sheaf-like  ” collections  or  spicu- 
lated  balls.  Usually  of  a deep  yellow 
color  from  absorbed  bile  pigments.  Found 
associated  with  and  under  the  same  cir- 
cumstances as  the  preceding  body. 


Insoluble  in 
s moderately  strong 
Acetic  acid. 


Hippuric  acid. 


Crystals  of  Oxa-> 
late  of  Lime. 


Urate  of  Soda. 


Crystalline 
Calcium.  '^Stel- 
lar” Phosphate. 


Cystine. 


Leuci7i. 


Tyrosin. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


27 


2.  Amorphous  Bodies. 


Granules,  irregular,  opaque;  or  spherules,  f Slowly  in  Acetic  f 

horn  which  project  spiny  crystals,  straight  I acid,  after  a short  time  ! 
or  curved  ; or  globules,  opaque,  isolated,  j giving  rise  to  colorless  1 
or  united  in  a mass  like  frogs’  eggs. . f tablets  of  Uric  acid.  \ 


Granules,  roundish  or  oval,  with  dark  out- 
lines, Isolated,  or  three  or  four  united  in  a 
star-like  form,  or  in  beads,  etc. 

Granules  very  pale,  much  smaller,  very  j 
transparent,  and  difficult  to  perceive; 
always  united  by  irregular  punctated 
patches  (the  most  common  appearance).  , 


Soluble  in  Acetic 
acid. 


Calcium  Phos- 
phate. 


SECTION  II. ORGANIZED  BODIES. 

I.  Mucus.  2.  Epithelium  (from  various  parts  of  the  genito- 
urinary tract).  3.  Renal  Tube  Casts.  4.  Blood.  5.  Pus. 
6.  Spermatozoa.  7.  Fungi.  8.  Entozoa. 

[Note. — -Urine  voided  turbid  will,  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
owe  its  turbidity  to  one  or  more  of  the  organized  deposits.] 


1.  Cellular,  Round,  or  Oval  Bodies. 


Circular  discs  or  globules ; non-nucleated ; j 

i-35ooth  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  separate;  I Swell  in  weak  Acetic 
edges  smooth  or  dentated  ; transparent  or  or  shrink  and  pro- 

of a faintly  yellowish  color;  sometimes  > sent  a “ raspberry  ” as-  < 
presenting  a central  depression,  and,  if  pect.  Not  coloredhy 
^een  in  profile,  bi-concave.  (Use  high  carmine, 
power.)  j i 


Red  Blood 
Corpuscles. 


Globules,  round  or  oval;  nucleated; 
i-20ooth  to  i-i4ooth  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
t^;  slightly  defined  outlines;  single, 
double,  or  multiple  nuclei ; grayish-white  > 
or  granular  contents;  isolated,  or  united 
in  masses  of  polygonal  cells  (use  300  to 
400  diameters). 

Globule.s,  round,  elongated,  or  oval ; very 
small,  varying  in  diameter  from  i-yoooth 
to  i-25ooth  (average  1-30C0)  of  an  inch; 
transparent,  very  refractive ; larger  ones 
nucleated,  or  have  vacuoles,  and  some- 
times warty  expansions.  Germinate  if 
set  aside  several  days.  United  in  chains 
of  three  and  four,  or  more,  or  isolated. 
(Examine  with  magnifying  power  of  500 
to  600  diameters.) 


Rendered  pale  by  A cettc 
acidy  which  causes  two 
or  three  nuclei  to  ap- 
pear within  them.  Col- 
oredhy  carmine. 


White  Blood 
Corpuscles  or 
Leucocytes. 


Unchanged  by  Acetic 
acid.  Uncolored  by 
carmine.  Their  proto- 
plasmic cell-contents,  •' 
but  not  their  sacs, 
stained  brownish-yel- 
low by  lodvie-ivcuer. 


Spores 
of  Fungi. 

( Fenicillium 
Glattcu7n,  etc) 


28 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


Corpuscles  very  small  (length  about  i-3oooth  ' 
of  an  inch);  very  refractive;  of  a pe- 
culiar bluish  tint,  and  fatty  lustre;  fur- 
nished with  a vepr  delicate,  long,  (i-25oth  I 
of  an  inch)  tail-liice  filament;  general  ap-  ' 
pearance  of  a minute  tad-pole,  with  greatly 
elongated  tail.  (Use  400  to  600  diame- 
ters. ) 


Unchanged  by  the  re- 
agents above  men- 
tioned. 


Spe-nnatozoa, 


2.  Form  Variable;  Size  Greater  than  the  Preceding*. 


Round,  oval,  lamellar,  cylindrical,  fusiform, 
caudate,  or  irregular  bodies;  furnished 
generally  with  one  or  more  nuclei,  with 
granular  contents. 


Rendered  Acetic 

acid,  which  brings  out 
their  nuclei  very  dis- 
tinctly. Colored  (the 
nuclei  especially)  by 
car^nine. 


EpitJulmm 
from  various 
parts  of  the 
Genito-urin- 
ary  tract. 


3.  Cylindrical. 

A.  Voluminous,  of  greater  or  less  length  ' 

(rarely  exceeding  the  i-5oth  of  an  inch) ; 
variable  aspect ; pale  or  hyaline,  gran- 
ular or  covered  with  epithelium  ; some-  ^ 
times  distinctly,  sometimes  indistinctly 
outlined;  generally  round  or  club- 
shaped  extremities. 


Renal  Tube  Casts. 


a.  Very  pale  or 
transparent 
Amorphous 
cylinders. 


With  badly  defined  margins,  1 
often  twisted  or  varicose,  > 
branching  and  subdividing.  ) 


U^icolored  hy 
carmine. 


Mucus  Casts. 


With  clear,  well-defined  margins, 
sometimes  intersected  by  frac- 
tures. 


Colored  by  f Hyaline  or  waxy 
carmine,  i casts'* 


b.  More  or  less  dark, 
epithelial  or  granu- 
lar cylinders.  (Use  < 
power  of  200  to  400 
diameters. ) 


No  line  of  contour;  epithelial 
cells  united  into  a cylinder. 
Never  verj”^  narrow. 

A more  or  less  distinct  line  of 
contour;  fundamental  sub- 
stance finely  granular,  studded 
with  blood  corpuscles. 


Epithelial  or  granular 

CCLStS. 


Fibrinous  blood  casts. 


Any  of  the  above  may  undergo  fatty  degeneration. 


B.  Very  short;  very  small  (t-ioooth  to 
1 -3000th  of  an  inch  in  length)  trans- 
parent bodies;  sometimes  motion- 
less, but  generally  exhibiting  ac- 
tive vibratory  movements ; or  two 
or  more  joined  end  to  end  with  a 
spiral  motion.  (Requires  a power 
of  500  diameters,*  and  upwards,  to 
show  them  well. ) 


Unchanged  by  ex- 

cept the  arrest  of  motion. 
Their  protoplasm  colored 
yellow  by  Iodine-water. 


Bacteria. 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


29 


4.  Filamentous,  or  Fibrillary. 


Very  thin  ; more  or  less  ramified  ^ 
or  interlacing. 


Acetic  acid  does  not  change 
them. 

Acetic  renders  them  pale, 
causes  their  fibrillary  aspect  to 
disappear,  and  gives  rise  to  a 
swollen,  transparent,  amor-  ^ 
phous  mass. 

Acetic  acid  renders  them  more 
distinct,  and  gives  them  a 
punctated  or  striated  appear- 
ance. 


5.  Square. 

Square  bodies,  subdivided  into  secondary  1 
squares,  which  number  2,  4,  8,  etc., 
and  when  collected  in  the  form  of  cubes,  \ 
very  much  resemble  bales  of  goods.  j 


Thallus 
of  Fungi. 


Fibrin. 


Mucus. 


Sarcina. 


30 


HANDBOOK  OF  URINARY  ANALYSIS. 


Form  of  Recording  Urinary  Examinations. 

(To  be  printed  on  a full  letter  sheet.) 

Examination  of  Urine. 

P'or  at  the  request  of 

Dr. 

Physical  and  Chemical  Characters. 

Total  Quantity  in  twenty-four  hours, 

Color  and  Appearance, 

Odor, 

Reaction, 

Specific  Gravity, 

Albumen, 

Sugar, 

Quantity  and  General  Appearance  of  the  Deposit, 


Microscopical  Appearance. 

Crystals, 

Anatomical  Elements, 

Casts, 

Other  Morphological  Elements. 


Bemarks. 


TJEINARY  ANALYSIS  SET. 

ENLARGED  FORM  OF  PROF.  DRAPER’S  STAND. 

See  Frontispiece. 

It  consists  of  a Neat  Black  Walnut  Stand,  furnished  with 
the  following  apparatus : 

I One-pint  Washing-Bottle,  with  Rubber  Stopper. 

I Urinometer. 

I Glass  Urinometer  Cylinder,  with  Base  or  Foot. 

I Porcelain  Evaporating  Dish,  oz.  capacity. 

1 Glass  Funnel. 

2 Watch  Glasses. 

6 doz.  Test  Tubes — Rack  and  Drying  Pegs  for  9. 

I doz.  4^  oz.  Glass-Stoppered  Reagent  Bottles,  for  the 
following  reagents : i.  Hydrochloric  Acid.  2.  Nitric  Acid. 

3.  Nitrous  Acid.  4.  Sulphuric  Acid.  5.  Acetic  Acid.  6. 
Potassic  Hydrate.  7.  Ammonic  Hydrate.  8.  Sodic  Car- 
bonate. 9.  Argentic  Nitrate.  10.  Alcohol.  ii.  Ether. 
12.  Cupric  Sulphate. 

I^^The  above-named  bottles  (made  and  patented  by 
Whitall,  Tatum  & Co.)  are  made  of  glass  containing  no 
lead^  zinCy  or  other  metallic  flux.  They  possess  the  true 
shape,  thin  dropping  lip,  and  perfect  stoppering.  The 
chemical  names  and  symbols  are  distinctly  blown  in  the  glass, 
thus  preventing  the  danger  of  confusion,  and  avoiding  the 
unsightly  appearance  of  paper-labelled  bottles.  All  letters 
are  ground  to  make  them  perfectly  visible,  and  they  are 
quickly  and  easily  cleaned. 

The  stand  contains  ‘ spaces  for  six  additional  bottles,  for 
solutions  of  Carmine,  Iodine,  Aniline,  etc. 

Price,  complete,  - - - - $6.00. 

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The  Amateur’s  Handbook  of  Practical  Information, 

For  the  Workshop  and  the  Laboratory.  Second  Edition. 

Greatly  Enlarged.  Neatly  Bound  - - 15  cents. 

This  is  a handy  little  book,  containing  just  the  information  needed 
by  Amateurs  in  the  Workshop  and  Laboratory.  Directions  for 
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ing.  Brazing,  Lacquering,  Bronzing,  Staining  and  Polishing  Wood, 
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Rhymes  of  Science:  Wise  and  Otherwise. 

By  O.  W.  Holmes,  Bret  Hart,  Ingoldsby,  Prof.  Eorbes, 
Prof.  J.  W.  McQ.  Kankine,  Hon.  K.  W.  Eaymond,  and 
others. 

With  Illustrations.  Cloth,  Gilt  Title.  • 50  cents 


IN  PREPARATION, 


Third  Edition.  Eevised  and  Greatly  Enlarged, 

HOW  TO  USE  THE  MICROSCOPE. 

A Simple  and  Practical  Book,  intended  for  beginners. 

By  JOHN  PHIN, 

Editor  of  “ The  American  Journal  of  Microscojpy'* 

O OlNTTEKrTSs 

What  a Microscope  is.— Different  Kinds  of  Microscopes.— Simple  Mi- 
croscopes.—Hand  Mi^nifiers. — The  Coddiagton  Lens. — ^The  Stanhope 

Lens. — ^Raspail’s  Microscope. — The  Excelsior  Microscope ^Twenty-five 

cent  Microscopes  and  how  to  make  them. — Penny  Microscopes. 

Compound  Microscopes.— Different  kinds  of  Objectives. — ^Non-Achrom« 
atic  Objectives.— French  Achromatic  Objectives— Objectives  of  the  English 
Form. — Immersion  Objectives — Focal  Lengths  corresponding  to  the  num- 
bers employed  by  Nachet,  Hartnack  and  Gundlach. 

How  TO  Choose  a Microscope.— Microscopes  for  Special  Purposes.-v- 
Magnifying  Power  required  for  different  purposes. — How  to  judge  of  the 
quality  of  the  different  parts  of  the  Microscope. 

Accessory  Apparatus. — Stage  Forceps,  Animalcule  Cage,  etc. 

Illumination. — Sun  Light. — Artificial  Light. — ^Bulls-Eye  Condenser.— 
Side  Reflector. — ^The  Lieberkuhn.— Axial  Light.— Oblique  Light.— Direct 
Light- 

How  TO  Use  the  Microscope.— How  to  Care  for  the  Microscope. 

How  TO  Collect  Objects.— Where  to  find  Objects. — What  to  Look  for.— 
How  to  Capture  Them. — Nets. — ^Bottle-Holders — Spoons. — ^New  Form  of 
Collecting  Bottle.— Aquaria  for  Microscopic  Objects. — Dipping  Tubes. 

The  Preparation  and  Examination  of  Objects. — Cutting  Thin  Sections 
of  Soft  Substances. — ^Sections  of  Wood  and  Bone. — Improved  Section  Cut- 
ter.— Sections  of  Rock. — ^Knives. — Scissors.— Needles. — Dissecting  Pans 
and  Dishes.— Dissecting  Mici  scopes.— Separation  of  Deposits  from 
Liquids. — Preparing  whole  Insec*,?. — Feet,  Eyes,  Tongues,  Win^s,  etc.,  of 
Insects. — ^Use  of  Chemical  Tests.— Liquids  for  Moisteni%*  Objects. — Re- 
fractive Power  of  Liquids. — Covers  for  Keeping  out  Dust. — ^Errors  in  Micro- 
Bcopical  Observations. 

Preservation  of  Objects. — General  Principles. — ^Recipes  for  Preserv- 
ative Fluids. — General  Rules  for  Applying  them. 

Mounting  Objects. — Apparatus  and  Materials  for:  Slides,  Covers,  Cells, 
Turn-Table,  Cards  for  Making  Cells,  Hot-Plate,  Lamps,  Retort  Stand, 
Slide-Holder,  Mounting  Needles,  Cover  Forceps,  Simple  Form  of  Spring 
Clip,  Centering  Cards,  Gold  Size,  Black  Japan,  Brunswick  Black,  Shellac, 
Bell’s  Cement,  Sealing  Wax  Varnish,  Colored  Shellac,  Damar  Cement,  Mar- 
ine Glue,  Liquid  Glue,  Dextrine. — ^Mounting  Transparent  Objects  Dry.— 
Mounting  in  Balsam. — Mounting  in  Liquids. — ^Mounting  of  Whole  In- 
Bects.— How  to  Get  Rid  of  A|’r-Bubbles.— Mounting  Opaque  Objects. 

I Finishing  the  Slides. 


The  Microscopisfs  Annual  for  1879. 

Contains  List  of  all  the  Microscopical  Societies  fn  the 
country,  with  names  of  officers,  days  of  meeting,  etc. ; 
etc. ; Alphabetical  and  Classiiied  Lists  of  all  the  Manu- 
facturers of  Microscopes  and  Objectives,  Dissecting  Ap- 
paratus, Microscopic  Objects,  Materials  for  Microscopists, 
in  Europe  and  America,  etc.,  etc. ; Postal  Kates,  Rules 
and  Regulations,  prepared  expressly  for  microscopists ; 
Weights  and  Measures,  with  tables  and  rules  for  the  con- 
version of  different  measures  into  each  other;  Custom 
Duties  and  Regulations  in  regard  to  Instruments  and 
Books ; Value  of  the  Moneys  of  all  Countries  in  U.  S. 
Dollars ; Value  of  the  Lines  on  Nobert’s  Test  Plates ; 
Table  of  Moller’s  Probe  Platte,  with  the  number  of  lines 
to  inch  on  the  several  diatoms,  etc.,  etc. ; Pocal  Value 
of  the  Objectives  of  those  makers  who  Number  their 
Objectives  (Hartnack,  Nachet,  etc.) ; Focal  Value  of  the 
Eye-pieces  of  different  makers ; Magnifying  Power  of 
Eye-pieces  and  Objectives,  etc.,  etc.  The  whole  form- 
ing an  indispensable  companion  for  every  working  micro- 
scopist.  Limp  Cloth,  Gilt  - - - 25  cents. 

The  “ Annual  ” for  1880  is  in  a forward  state  of  preparation,  and 
will  be  uniform  in  size  and  price  with  that  for  1879. 

Microscope  Objectives.  ^ 

The  Angular  Aperture  of  Microscope  Objectives.  By 
Dr.  George  E.  Blackham.  8vo.,  Cloth.  Eighteen  full 
page  illustrations  printed  on  extra  fine  paper.  $1.00. 
Sold  only  by  Subscription. 

This  is  the  elaborate  paper  on  Angular  Aperture,  read  by  Dr. 
Blackham  before  the  Microscopical  Congress,  held  at  Indianapolis. 

Kulzing  on  Diatoms.— Nearly  ready. 

The  Siliceous  Shelled  Bacillarise  or  Diatomaceae ; the 
History  of  their  Discovery  and  Classification ; their  Dis- 
tribution, Collection,  and  Life-History.  By  Friedrich 
Traugott  Kutzing.  Translated  from  the  German  by  Prof. 
Hamilton  L.  Smith,  of  Geneva,  N.  Y.  12mo.,  Cloth, 
Gilt,  50  cents. 


Section  Cutting. 

A Practical  Guide  to  the  Preparation  and  Mounting  oi 
Sections  for  the  Microscope ; Special  Prominence  being 
given  to  the  Subject  of  Animal  Sections.  By  Sylvester 
Marsh.  Beprinted  from  the  London  edition.  With 
Illustrations.  12mo.,  Cloth,  Gilt  Title.  - 75  cents. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  most  thorough  treatise  extant  upon  section 
Dutting  in  all  its  details.  The  American  edition  has  been  greatly 
enlarged  by  valuable  explanatory  notes,  and  also  by  extended  direc- 
tions, illustrated  with  engravings,  for  selecting  and  sharpening 
knives  and  razors. 

A Book  for  Beginners  with  the  Microscope. 

Being  an  abridgment  of  “ Practical  Hints  on  the  Selection 
and  Use  of  the  Microscope.”  ByJohnPhin.  Fully  illus- 
trated, and  neatly  and  strongly  bound  in  boards.  30  cts. 
This  book  was  prepared  for  the  use  of  those  who,  having  no  know- 
ledge of  the  use  of  the  microscope,  or,  indeed,  of  any  scientific  appar- 
atus, desire  simple  and  practical  instruction  in  the  best  methods  of 
managing  the  instrument  and  preparing  objects. 

How  to  Use  the  Microscope. 

A Simple  and  Practical  Book,  intended  for  beginners. 
By  John  Phin,  editor  of  “The  American  Journal  of 
Microscopy.”  Second  Edition.  Greatly  Enlarged,  with 
50  illustrations  in  the  text  and  4 full-page  engravings 
printed  on  heavy  tint  paper.  12mo.,  Neatly  bound  in 
Cloth,  Gilt  Title.  - - - - 75  cents. 


The  Microscope. 

By  Andrew  Boss.  Fully  Illustrated.  12mo.j  Cloth, 
Gilt  Title.  . . - . - 75  cents. 

This  is  the  celebrated  article  contributed  by  Andrew  Boss  to  the 
“Penny  Cyclopmdia,”  and  quoted  so  frequently  by  writers  on  the 
Microscope.  Carpenter  and  Hogg,  in  the  last  editions  of  their  works 
on  the  Microscope,  and  Brooke,  in  his  treatise  on  Natural  Philoso: 
phy,  all  refer  to  this  article  as  the  best  source  for  full  and  clear 
information  in  regard  to  the  principles  upon  which  the  modem 
achromatic  Microscope  is  constmcted.  It  should  be  in  the  library 
of  every  person  to  whom  the  Microscope  is  more  than  a toy.  It  is 
written  in  simple  language,  free  from  abstruse  technicalities. 


Diatoms. 

Practical  Directions  for  Collecting,  Preserving,  Trans- 
porting, Preparing  and  Mounting  Diatoms.  By  Prof.  A, 
Mead  Edwards,  M.  D.,  Prof.  Christopher  Johnston,  M.  D., 
Prof.  Hamilton  L.  Smith,  LL.  D. 

12mo.,  Cloth.  - 75  cents. 

This  volume  undoubtedly  contains  the  most  complete  series  of 
directions  for  Collecting,  Preparing  and  Moimting  Diatoms  ever 
published.  The  directions  given  are  the  latest  and  best. 


Common  Objects  for  the  Microscope. 

By  Eev.  J.  G.  Wood.  Upwards  of  four  hundred  illus- 
trations, including  twelve  colored  plates  by  Tuffen  West. 

Illuminated  Covers.  - - - 50  cents. 

This  book  contains  a very  complete  description  of  the  objects  ordi- 
narily met  with,  and  as  the  plates  are  very  good,  and  almost  every 
object  is  figured,  it  is  a most  valuable  assistant  to  the  young  micro- 
ecopist. 


Five  Hundred  and  Seven  Mechanical  Movements. 

Embracing  all  those  which  are  Most  Important  in  Dy- 
namics, Hydraulics,  Hydrostatics,  Pneumatics,  Steam 
Engines,  Mill  and  Other  Gearing,  Presses,  Horology  and 
Miscellaneous  Machinery;  and  including  Many  Move- 
ments never  before  published,  and  several  of  which  have 
only  recently  come  into  use.  By  Henry  T.  Brown,  editor 
of  the  ‘‘American  Artisan.”  Eleventh  Edition.  $1.00. 

This  work  is  a perfect  Cyclopaedia  of  Mechanical  Inventions,  which 
are  here  reduced  to  first  principles,  and  classified  so  as  to  be  readily 
available.  Every  mechanic  that  hopes  to  be  more  workman,  ought 
to  have  a copy. 


The  Six  Days  of  Creation. 

The  Chemical  History  of  the  Six  Days  of  Creation.  By 
John  Phin,  C.  E.,  editor  of  “The  American  Journal  of 
Microscopy.”  12mo.,  Cloth.  - - 75  cents. 

Stories  About  Horses. 

Just  the  Book  for  Boys.  With  eight  full-page  engrav^ 
ings.  In  Boards,  25  cents.  In  Cloth  - 50  cents. 


Instruction  in  the  Art  of  Wood  Engraving. 

A Manual  of  Instruction  in  the  Art  of  Wood  Engraving; 
with  a Description  of  the  Necessary  Tools  and  Appar- 
atus, and  Concise  Directions  for  their  Use ; Explanation 
of  the  Terms  Used,  and  the  Methods  Employed  for  Pro- 
ducing the  Various  Classes  of  Wood  Engravings.  By  S. 
E.  Fuller. 

Fully  illustrated  with  Engravings  by  the  author,  separ- 
ate sheets  of  engravings  for  transfer  and  practice 
being  added. 

New  Edition,  Neatly  Bound.  - - 30  cents. 


What  to  Do  in  Case  of  Accident. 

What  to  Do  and  How  to  Do  It  in  Case  of  Accident.  A 
Book  for  Everybody.  12mo.,  Cloth,  Gilt  Title.  50  cents. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  useful  books  ever  published.  It  tells  ex- 
actly what  to  do  in  case  of  accidents,  such  as  Severe  Cuts,  Sprains, 
Dislocations,  Broken  Bones,  Burns  with  Fire,  Scalds,  Bums  with 
Corrosive  Chemicals,  Sunstroke,  Suffocation  by  Foul  Air,  Hanging, 
Drowning,  Frost-Bite,  Fainting,  Stings,  Bites,  Starvation,  Lightning, 
Poisons,  Accidents  from  Machinery,  and  from  the  Falling  of  Scaf- 
folding, Gunshot  Wounds,  etc.,  etc.  It  ought  to  be  in  every  house,  for 
young  and  old  are  liable  to  accident,  and  the  directions  given  in  this 
book  might  be  the  means  of  saving  many  a valuable  life. 


BOUND  VOLUMES  OF 

The  Technologist,  or  Industrial  Monthly. 

The  eight  volumes  of  The  Technologist,  ob  Industeial 
Monthly,  which  have  been  issued,  form  a Mechanical  and  Archi- 
tectural [^cyclopasdia  of  greiife'iialue;  and,  when  properly  bound, 
they  form  a most  important  addition  to  any  library.  The  splendid 
full-page  engravings,  printed  on  tinted  paper,  in  the  highest  style  of 
the  art,  are  rmivei  sally  conceded  to  be  the  finest  architectural  and 
mechanical  engravings  ever  published  in  this  country.  We  have  on 
hand  a few  complete  sets,  which  we  offer  for  $16.00,  handsomely  and 
uniformly  bound  in  cloth. 

We  have  also  a few  extra  sets  of  Vols.  HI  to  VTH  inclusive.  These 
six  volumes  we  offer  for  $8.00  bound  in  cloth.  As  there  are  but  a very 
few  sets  remaining,  those  who  desire  to  secure  them  should  order 
immediately 

t Note.— The  above  prices  do  not  include  postage  or  express  charges- 
The  set  weighs  altogether  too  much  to  be  sent  by  mail. 


Shooting  on  the  Wing.  ^ 

Plain  Directions  for  Acquiring  the  Art  of  Shooting  on 
the  Wing.  With  Useful  Hints  concerning  all  that  relates 
to  Guns  and  Shooting,  and  particularly  in  regard  to  the 
art  of  Loading  so  as  to  Kill.  To  which  has  been  added 
several  Valuable  and  hitherto  Secret  Kecipes,  of  Great 
Practical  Importance  to  the  Sportsman.  By  an  Old 
Gamekeeper. 

12mo.,  Cloth,  Gilt  Title.  - - - 75  cents. 


The  Pistol  as  a Weapon  of  Defence, 

In  the  House  and  on  the  Eoad. 

12mo.,  Cloth.  - - - - 50  cents. 

This  work  aims  to  instruct  the  peaceable  and  law-abiding  citizens 
in  the  best  means  of  protecting  themselves  from  the  attacks  of  the 
brutal  and  the  lawless,  and  is  the  only  practical  book  published  on 
this  subject.  Its  contents  are  as  foUows : The  Pistol  as  a Weapon  of 
Defence.— The  Carrying  of  Pire- Arms.— Different  kinds  of  Pistols  in 
Market;  How  to  Choose  a Pistol.— Ammunition,  different  kinds; 
Powder,  Caps,  Bullets,  Copper  Cartridges,  etc.— Best  form  of  Bullet. — 
How  to  Load.— Best  Charge  for  Pistols.— How  to  regulate  the 
Charge.— Care  of  the  Pistol ; how  to  Clean  it.— How  to  Handle  and 
Carry  the  Pistol.— How  to  Learn  to  Shoot.— Practical  use  of  the 
Pistol ; how  to  Protect  yourself  and  how  to  Disable  your  antagonist. 


Lightning  Rods. 

Plain  Directions  for  the  Construction  and  Erection  of 
Lightning  Hods.  By  John  Phin,  C.  E.,  editor  of  “The 
Young  Scientist,”  author  of  “Chemical  History  of  the 
Six  Days  of  the  Creation,”  etc.  Second  Edition.  En- 
larged and  Fully  Illustrated. 

12mo.,  Cloth,  Gilt  Title.  - - - 50  cents. 

This  is  a simple  and  practical  little  work,  intended  to  convey  just 
Such  information  as  will  enable  every  property  owner  to  decide 
whether  or  not  his  buildings  are  thoroughly  protected.  It  is  not 
m*itten  in  the  interest  of  any  patent  or  particular  article  of  manu- 
facture, and  by  following  ite  directions,  any  ordinarily  skilful  me- 
chanic can  put  up  a rod  that  will  afford  perfect  protection,  and  that 
will  not  infringe  aay  patent.  Every  owner  of  a house  or  barn  ough' 
to  procure  a copy. 


The  Steel  Square  and  Its  Uses. 

The  Carpenters’  Steel  Square  and  its  Uses  ; being  a de- 
scription of  the  Square,  and  its  Uses  in  obtaining  the 
Lengths  and  Bevels  of  all  kinds  of  Kafters,  Hips,  Groins, 
Braces,  Brackets,  Purlins,  Collar-Beams,  and  Jack- 
Kafters.  Also,  its  application  in  obtaining  the  Bevels 
and  Cuts  for  Hoppers,  Spring  Mouldings,  Octagons, 
Stairs,  Diminished  Stiles,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.  Illustrated  by 
Over  Fifty  Wood-cuts.  By  Fred.  T.  Hodgson,  Editor 
of  the  “ Builder  and  Woodworker.” 

Cloth,  Gilt,  - ...  - 75  cents. 

Mechanical  Draughting. 

The  Students’  Illustrated  Guide  to  Practical  Draughting. 
A Series  of  Practical  Instructions  for  Machinists,  Me- 
chanics, Apprentices,  and  Students  at  Engineering 
Establishments  and  Technical  Institutes.  By  T.  P. 
Pemberton,  Draughtsman  and  Mechanical  Engineer. 
Illustrated  with  Numerous  Engravings. 

Cloth,  Gilt, $1.00 

This  is  a simple  but  thorough  book,  by  a draughtsman  of  twenty- 
five  years’  experience.  It  is  intended  for  beginners  and  self-taught 
students,  as  well  as  for  those  who  pursue  the  study  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a teacher. 

Map  of  the  Moon. 

This  is  a copy  of  Webb’s  reduction  of  Baer  & Maedler’s 
^ celebrated  Map  of  the  Moon.  It  is  engraved  in  the  very 
best  style,  every  feature  being  remarkably  clear  and  dis- 
tinct. It  is  accompanied  with  a small  book,  which  con- 
tains a description  of  the  various  topographical  features 
shown  in  the  map,  and  forms  an  indispensable  addition 
to  the  library  of  every  Amateur  Astronomer.  Price  of 
Map  and  Descriptive  Book,  - - - 50  cents. 

im'  As  the  map  was  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the 
monthly  papers  on  “Astronomy  for  Amateurs,”  published  in  the 
Young  Scientist,  it  was  given  as  a premium  to  all  subscribers  to 
that  journal.  Those  who  received  the  map  with  the  Journal,  and 
desire  to  procure  the  book,  can  obtain  the  latter,  post-paid,  for  20 
cents. 


The  Carpenter’s  Steel  Square, 

AND  HOW  TO  USE  IT. 


OPINIONS  CP  THE  PRESS. 

“ This  little  work  consists  of  a republication  of  some  papers  contributed  by  its  talented 
author  some  time  ago  to  the  A merican  Builder,  and  which  were  received  with  so  much 
favor  by  artisans,  for  whom  they  were  written,  as  to  induce  their  author  to  collect  them 
into  the  present  volume.”  *******“  The  work  is  well  illustrated  by 
upwards  of  fifty  cuts  which  have  been  well  engraved,  and  can  hardly  fail  to  give  any 
one  an  idea  of  the  capabilities  of  the  steel  square,  and  what  can  be  accomplished  from 
it  when  in  skilful  hands.” — Journal  of  Franklin  Institute,  Fhila. 

**  A most  valuable  little  treatise  of  70  pages  upon  that  commonplace  subject,  the 
* steel  square,’  being  a description  of  that  useful  tool,  and  its  uses  in  obtaining  the  lengths 
and  bevels  of  rafters,  hips,  groins,  braces,  brackets,  purlins,  collar  beams  and  jack  lafters, 
and  its  application  in  obtaining  the  bevels  and  cuts  for  hoppers,  spring  moldings,  octa- 
gons, stairs,  diminished  stiles,  etc.,  illustrated  by  over  50  wood  cuts.  Mr.  Hodgson  has 
succeeded  admirably  in  demonstrating  that  the  study  of  the  value  and  use  of  the 
square  is  by  no  means  the  dry  subject  one  would  suppose,  and  that  as  a tool  in  the 
hands  of  an  intelligent  workman,  its  possibilities  are  far  beyond  the  standard  usually 
conceded  to  it.  It  is  a valuable  book  for  the  use  of  the  carpenter,  and  should  be  upon 
the  office  desk  of  every  retailer  of  lumber,  from  the  valuable  hints  it  will  give  him  as  a 
guide  to  his  negotiations  with  his  customers  in  figuring  out  their  wants.  It  is,  in  fact, 
well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  every  man  who  has  a shed  or  fence  to  erect  upon  his 
premises,  or  who  wishes  to  keep  a check  upon  his  builder.” — Northwestern  Lumber- 
man, Chicago,  III. 

This  is  a little  book  that  no  carpenter,  joiner,  cabinetmaker,  or  amateur  wood- 
worker, can  do  without,  if  they  wish  to  keep  up  with  the  times  in  their  several  branches 
of  trade. 

We  believe  this  is  the  first  and  only  book  that  has  been  written  on  this  subject 
alone,  and  we  must  say,  that  the  duty  of  writing  it  fell  into  good  hands,  as  the  author 
has  handled  his  subject  in  a masterly  manner.  One  is  struck  with  astonishment  at  the 
number  of  difficult  and  apparently  intricate  problems  this  simple  instrument — the  square — 
is  made  to  solve,  and  in  such  a manner  that  any  mechanic  who  can  read  the  figures  on  the 
tool  can  work  out  the  solutions.  The  lengths  and  bevels  of  rafters,  hips,  braces, 
trusses,  purlins,  collar  beams,  and  jack  rafters  are  obtained  as  if  by  magic,  and  without 
thought  or  calculation. 

The  work  is  handsomely  gotten  up,  printed  on  heavy  white  paper,  substantially 
bound,  and  cleanly  turned  out.  The  some  fifty  odd  wood  cuts  are  almost  equal  to  steel 
engravings,  and  the  whole  get-up  is  a credit  to  both  author  and  publisher,  and  the  low 
price  at  which  it  is  sold,  (75  cents),  places  it  within  reach  of  every  wood-worker,  no 
matter  how  poor  he  maybe.” — Enterprise,  Collingwood,  Out. 

**  It  is  a timely  book  on  the  subject  in  hand,  and  we  can  safely  recommend  it  as  com- 
petent to  fill  a long  felt  vacancy  in  the  mechanics’  library.  The  work  presents  a valu- 
able collection  of  rules  and  data  connected  with  the  framing  square,  to  the  solution  of 
roofing  problems,  braces,  hoppers,  etc.,  etc.” — Orillia  Packet,  Out. 

**Some  fifty  engravings  aid  in  the  description  of  the  square  and  its  uses  in  obtaining 
lengths  and  bevels  of  all  kinds  ; also,  its  application  in  obtaining  the  bevels  and  cuts 
for  all  conceivable  shapes  used  in  the  wood  shops.  Any  wood- worker  possessing  this 
book  will  find  its  cost,  seventy-five  cents,  is  not  to  be  compared  with  its  real  value  and 
usefulness  in  the  shop.” — The  Carriage  Monthly,  Phila. 

The  work  is  a very  valuable  one,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  carpenter.” — 
Messenger,  Collingwood,  Ont. 

“The  work  will  be  of  very  great  service  to  carpenters  and  builders.” — Bulletin^ 
Collingwood,  Ont. 


THE  WORKSHOP  COMPANION. 

A Collection  of*  Usefnl  and  Relialde  Recipes, 
Rules,  Processes,  IRetliods,  WrinMes, 
and  Practical  Hints, 


FOR  THE  HOUSEHOER  THE  SHOE. 


COIVXENTS. 

Abyssinian  Gold;— Accidents,  General  Rules; •'-Alabaster,  how  to  work,  polish  and 
clean; — Alcohol; — Alloys,  rules  for  making,  and  26  recipes; — Amber,  how  to  work, 
polish  and  mend; — Annealing  and  Hardening  ghss,  copper,  steel,  etc.; — Arsenical 
Soap; — Arsenical  Powder; — Beeswax,  how  to  bleach; — Blackboards,  how  to  make; — 
Brass,  how  to  work,  polish,  color,  varnish,  whiten,  deposit  by  electricity,  clean,  etc., 
etc.; — Brazing  and  Soldering; — Bronzing  brass,  wood,  leather,  etc.; — Bums,  how  to 
cure; — Case-hardening; — Catgut,  how  prepared -Cements,  general  rules  for  using,  and 
56  recipes  for  preparing; — Copper,  working,  welding,  depositing; — Coral,  artificial; — 
Cork,  working; — Crayons  for  Blackboards; — Curling  brass,  iron,  etc.; — Liquid  Cu- 
ticle;— Etching  copper,  steel,  glass; — Eye,  accidents  to;— Fires,  to  prevent; — Clothes  on 
Fire; — Fireproof  Dresses; — Fly  Papers; — Freezing  Mixtures,  6 recipes; — Fumigating 
Pastils; — Gilding  metal,  leather,  wood,  etc.; — Glass,  cutting,  drilling,  turning  in  the 
lathe,  fitting  stoppers,  removing  tight  stoppers,  powdering,  packing,  imitating  ground 
glass,  washing  glass  vessels,  etc. ; — Grass,  Drj%  to  stain ; —Guns,  to  make  shoot  close, 
to  keep  from  rusting,  to  brown  the  barrels  of,  etc.,  etc.; — Handles,  to  fasten; — Inks, 
rules  for  selecting  and  preserving,  and  34  recipes  for; — Ink.  Eraser; — Inlaying; — Iron, 
forging,  welding,  case-hardening,  zincing,  tinning,  do.  in  the  cold,  brightening,  etc., 
etc. ; — Ivory,  to  work,  polish,  bleach,  etc. ; — ^Javelle  Water  ;•  —Jewelry  and  Gilded  Ware, 
care  of,  cleaning,  coloring,  etc. ; — Lacquer,  how  to  make  and  apply; — Laundry  Gloss ; — 
Skeleton  Leaves; — Lights,  signal  and  colored,  also  for  tableaux,  photography,  etc.,  25 
recipes; — Lubricators,  selection  of,  4 recipes  for; — Marble,  working,  polishing,  clean- 
ing;— Metals,  polishing ; — Mirrors,  care  of,  to  make,  pure  silver,  etc.,  etc.; — Nickel, 
to  plate  with  without  a battery; — Noise,  prevention  of; — Painting  Bright  Metals; — 
Paper,  adhesive,  barometer,  glass,  tracing,  transfer,  waxed,  etc. ; •'—Paper,  to  clean,  take 
creases  out  of,  remove  water  stains,  mount  drawing  paper,  to  prepare  for  varnishing, 
etc.,  etc. ; — Patina; — Patterns,  to  trace; — Pencils,  indelible; — Pencil  Marks,  to  fix; — 
Pewter; — Pillows  for  Sick  Room,  cheap  and  good; — Plaster-of- Paris,  how  to  work; — 
Poisons,  antidotes  for,  12  recipes; — Polishing  Powders,  preparation  and  use  of  (six 
pages); — Resins,  their  properties,  etc.; — Saws,  how  to  sharpen;- ^Sieves; — Shellac, 
properties  and  uses  of ; — Silver,  properties  of,  oxidized,  old,  cleaning,  to  remove  ink 
stains  from,  to  dissolve  from  plated  goods,  etc.,  etc.; — Silvering  metals,  leather,  iron, 
etc.  ; — Size,  preparation  of  various  kinds  of; — Skins,  tanning  and  curing?  do  with  half 
on; — Stains,  to  remove  from  all  kinds  of  goods; — Steel,  tempering  and  working  (six 
pages) ; — Tin,  properties,  methods  of  working; — Varnish,  21  recipes  for;  '-Varnishing, 
directions  for; — Voltaic  Batteries; — Watch,  care  of; — Waterproofing,  7 recipes  for;-- 
Whitewash; — Wood  Floors,  waxing,  staining,  and  polishing; — Wood,  poksHiig.  ^ 
Wood,  staining,  17  recipes; — Zinc,  to  pulverize,  black  varnish  for. 

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lVz7i  he  Ready  in  a Few  Days, 

Hand-Book  of  Urinary  Analysis. 

CHEMICAL  AND  MICROSCOPICAL, 

For  the  Use  of  Physicians,  Medical  Students,  and  Clinical  Assistants. 

By  FRANK  M.  DEEMS,  M.  D., 

Laboratory  Instructor  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  New  York; 

Member  of  the  N.  Y.  County  Medical  Society;  Member  of  the  New  York 
Microscopical  Society,  etc. 

Illustrated^  limp  Clothe  Gilt,  25  cts» 

This  Manual  presents  a plan  for  the  Systematic  Examination  of  Liquid  Urine,  Urinary 
Deposits,  and  Calculi.  It  is  compiled  with  the  intention  of  suppljring  a concise  guide, 
which,  from  its  small  compass  and  tabulated  arrangement,  renders  it  admirably  adapted 
for  use,  both  as  a bed-side  reference  book  and  a work-table  companion.  The  author 
is  well  known  as  one  who  has  had  for  several  years  a very  extended  experience  as  a 
teacher  of  this  important  branch  of  physical  diagnosis,  and  he  has  compiled  a manual 
which  will  serve  to  lessen  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  beginner,  and  save  valuable 
time  to  the  busy  practitioner.  Free  by  Mail  on  receipt  of  price. 


JUST  PUBLISHED. 

HOW  TO  SEE  WITH  THE  MICROSCOPE. 

Being  Useful  Hints  Connected  with  the  Selection  and  Use  of  the  Instrument;  also 
Some  Discussion  of  the  Claims  and  Capacity  of  Modern  High-Angled  Objectives, 
as  Compared  with  those  of  Medium  Aperture.  With  Instructions  as  to  the 
Selection  and  Use  of  American  Object-Glasses  of  Wide  Apertures. 

By  J.  EDWARDS  SMITH,  M.  D. 

Professor  of  Histology  and  Microscopy;  Corresponding  Member  San  Francisco, 
Dunkirk,  and  other  Microscopical  Societies,  etc.,  etc. 
Handsomely  Illnstrated. 

Prof.  Smith  is  well  known  as  the  most  expert  manipulator  in  this  country,  as  regards 
objectives  of  wide  aperture,  and  in  this  volume  he  gives,  in  a clear  and  practical  man- 
ner, all  the  directions  necessary  to  attain  the  surprising  results  which  he  has  achieved. 
No  microscopist  that  uses  anything  better  than  French  triplets  can  afford  to  be  without  it. 
Price,  $2»00»  Free  by  Mail  on  receipt  of  price.  Address 


To  be  completed  in  Six  Monthly  Parts.  Price  $15.00,  payable  in  advance. 
PART  I.  IS  NOW  READY. 

A Manual  of  the  Infusoria, 

Including  a Description  of  all  Known  Flagellate,  Ciliate,  and  Tentaculiferous 
Protozoa,  British  and  Foreign,  and  an  Account  of  the  Organization  and 
Affinities  of  the  Sponges. 

By  W.  SAVILLE  KENT,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.R.M.S. 

This  important  work,  the  result  of  many  years’  careful  labor  and  investigation  on  the 
part  of  the  author,  will,  it  is  hoped,  meet  a want  which  has  long  existed  among  micro- 
scopists.  It  will  consist  of  a volume  of  text  extending  to  about  800  pages  super  royal 
8vo.,  and  an  atlas  of  48  plates,  containing  upwards  of  2,000  figures. 

Wishing  to  lend  what  little  assistance  we  can  to  the  publication  of  this  valuable  work, 
we  have  subscribed  for  a lar^e  number  of  copies,  which  we  offer  to  the  microscopists 
of  the  United  States  at  the  prices  named  above.  As  the  book  is  large  and  very  expen- 
sive, the  publisher  will  issue  very  few  copies  beyond  those  for  which  subscriptions  are 
received,  and  consequently  the  price  will  undoubtedly  be  advanced  after  the  work  has 
been  completed. 

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The  Carpenter’s  Steel  Square 

AND  ITS  USES. 


Being  a description  of  the  Carpenter’s  Framing  Square,  giving 
simpie  and  easy  methods  of  obtaining  the  Lengths  and  Bevels  of 
all  kinds  of  Rafters,  Hips,  Groins,  Braces,  Brackets,  Purlins,  Coliar- 
Beams,  and  Jack-Rafters.  Also,  its  appUcation  in  obtaining  the 
bevels  and  cuts  for  Hoppei’s,  Spring  Mouldings,  Octagons,  Stairs,  and 
Diminished  Stiles. 

ninstrated  by  over  Fifty  Fjrge  and  Clear  Woodcuts, 


13  y F"  13  E 13  . T.  LI  O 13  Gt  S O , 

Editor  of  Uu  Builder  and  Wood-  Worker. 


Cloth,  Gilt,  - - - * - - - 75  cents. 

This  is  the  only  work  of  the  kind  ever  published,  and  must  prove 
of  great  service  to  every  person  who  may  have  to  use  a Carpenter’s 
Square.  Joiners,  Cabinet  makers.  Bricklayers,  Stone  Cutters,  Plas- 
terers, Lumber  Dealers,  Amateurs,  and  all  who  build  a fence,  tinker  a 
gate,  or  make  a chicken-coop,  will  find  something  in  this  little  book 
that  will  help  and  aid  them  to  do  their  work  better  and  more  intelli- 
gently than  they  could  without  a knowledge  of  its  contents. 

Many  difficult  and  troublesome  mathematical  problems  can  be 
solved  by  the  use  of  this  tool,  and  the  methods  of  solving  them  are 
shown  in  the  work.  It  describes  how  Painting,  Plastering,  and  Brick 
"Work  can  be  measured,  and  how  many  mechanical  difficulties  can  be 
overcome  with  great  ease.  It  explains  how  Ellipses,  Parabolas, 
Octagons,  Circles,  and  many  other  figures  may  be  described  by  the 
Steel  Square. 

This  is  the  “ book  of  the  period  ” for  all  who  work  in  wood,  and  its 
low  price  places  it  within  the  reach  of  every  journejunan  and  appren- 
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GEyESIS  GEOLOGY. 


THE  CHEMICAL  HISTORY 

OP 

The  Six  Days  of  Creation. 

BY  JOHN  PHIN,  C.E., 

Editor  oe  “The  American  Journal  oe  Microscopy.” 

1 VoLf  12mo*  Cloth.  75  cents. 


The  following  are  a few  of  the  Opinions  of  the  Press: 

This  is  a small  book,  but  full  of  matter.  ♦ ♦ ♦ We  think  this  book  is 
full  of  interest  and  value  ; and  as  the  discussions  concerning  the  harmony 
of  science  and  faith  are  rife  at  the  present  day,  we  commend  the  reason- 
ings of  Mr.  Phin  to  the  great  number  of  readers  and  students  who  are 
investigating  these  subjects. — The  Presbyterian  (Philadelphia). 

The  author  gives  a new  solution  of  this  difficult  question,  and  certainly 
presents  many  very  plausible  arguments  in  support  of  his  theory. — Sunday- 
School  Workman, 

A very  candid  and  ingenious  esssiy,— Christian  Union  (H.  W.  Beecher’s 
paper). 

No  one  can  read  this  book  without  compensation,  without  becoming 
more  thoughtful  concerning  the  phenomena  of  creation;  and  he  need 
lose  none  of  his  reverence  for  the  supremacy  of  the  Divine  h&w,— Mural 
New-  Yorker, 

We  could  say  much  in  commendation  of  Prof.  Phin’s  little  book.  An 
intelligent  reader  can  hardly  fail  to  be  interested  in  it,  and  many  might  be 
benefited. — Country  Gentleman, 

The  book  can  not  fail  to  interest  even  those  who  do  not  fully  accept  the 
theory  it  advocates.— Bosfow  Journal  of  Chemistry, 

It  is  a new  scientific  view  of  the  matter. — Phrenological  Journal, 

The  book,  although  not  large,  will  prove  exceedingly  interesting  to  all 
who  have  ever  directed  attention  to  this  matter,  and  contains  more  solid 
and  suggestive  thought  than  many  voluminous  treatises  on  the  subject.— 
Insurance  Monitor, 

The  work  is  ingenious  and  original,  and  presents  many  striking  sugges- 
tions.—Ammcan  Baptist, 

We  believe  Prof.  Phin  has  started  upon  the  correct  basis,  and  his  theory 
is  mainly  tenable.  His  views  are  presented  in  a manner  which,  though 
terse,  is  easily  comprehended.— Guardian  (Paterson,  N.  J.) 


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A Practical  Journal  for  Amateurs. 

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It  is  char actbris tic  of  young  Americans  that  they  want  to  be  doing  something. 
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seeing  them  done ; they  want  to  do  them  themselves.  In  other  words,  they  want 
to  experiment.  Hence  the  wonderful  demand  that  has  sprung  up  for  small  tool 
chests,  turning  lathes,  scroll  saws,  ^ood  carving  tools,  teleRraphs,  model  steam 
engines,  microscopes  and  all  kinds  of  apparatus.  In  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  how- 
ever, the  young  workman  finds  it  difficult  to  learn  how  to  use  his  tools  or  ap- 
paratus after  he  has  got  them.  It  is  true  that  we  have  a large  number  of  very 
excellent  text-books,  but  these  mre  not  just  the  thing.  What  is  wanted  is  a liv- 
ing teacher.  Where  a living  teacher  cannot  be  found,  the  next  best  thing  is  a 
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••  How.*’  The  object  of  the  Young  Scientist  is  to  give  clear  and  easily  followed 
directions  for  performing  chemical,  mechanical  and  other  operations,  as  well  as 
simple  and  accurate  explanations  of  the  principles  involved  in  the  various 
mechanical  asd  chemical  processes  which  we  shall  undertake  to  describe. 

The  scope  and  character  of  the  journal  will  be  better  understood  from  an  in- 
spection of  a few  numbers,  or  from  the  list  of  contents  found  on  a subsequent 
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OoRBESPONDENCE.— In  this  department  we  intend  to  place  our  readers  in  com- 
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A New  and  Idve  Booh  on  the  Gun, 

Just  Published.  Price  75  cents,  in  cloth. 

PLAIN  DIRECTIONS 

FOR  ACQUIRING  THE  ART  OP 

SHOOTING  ON  THE  WING. 

With  Useful  Hints  concerning  all  that  relates  to  Guns  and  Shoot- 
ing, and  particularly  in  regard  to  the  art  of  Loading  so  as 
to  Kill.  To  which  has  been  added  several  Valuable 
and  hitherto  Secret  Recipes,  of  Great  Practical 
Importance  to  the  Sportsman. 

By  an  old  gamekeeper. 

Sent  free  by  mail  on  receipt  of  price. 


Opinions  of  the  l^ress^ 

The  directions  are  so  plain  that  they  cannot  well  be  mistaken, 
and  they  are  expressed  in  the  fewest  possible  words. — Turf^  Field 
and  Farm, 

Facing  the  title-page  is  one  of  the  handsomest,  best-executed 
woodcuts,  we  have  ever  seen.  It  is  entitled  “The  Wounded 
Snipe,”  and  almost  equals  a steel  engraving.— Union, 
From  its  pages  we  should  think  even  the  most  experienced 
sportsman  might  derive  some  new  ideas,  while  the  beginner  will 
find  it  an  invaluable  assistant. — Country  Gentleman, 

For  concise  instructions  as  to  how  to  shoot,  to  select,  load, 
carry,  and  keep  a gun  in  order,  etc.,  it  cannot  be  surpassed. — 
Westei'n  Rural, 

A pleasantly  written,  and,  it  seems,  to  us,  correct  and  practical 
treatise  on  the  sportsman’s  art;  a modest  little  book,  but  one  from 
the  reading  of  which  a good  deal  of  the  right  kind  of  knowledge 
is  to  be  gained. — Appleton's  Journal, 

A practical  and  well-written  handbook,  especially  adapted  for 
the  use  of  young  sportsmen,  as  it  gives  sensible  advice  on  the 
manipulation  of  firearms,  and  the  rules  and  etiquette  of  the  field. 
ScientiJiG  Amei'iean, 


The  Only  Practical  Booh  Published  on  this  Subject. 

THE  PISTOL 

AS  A 

WEAPON  OF  DEFENCE, 

In  the  House  and  on  the  Koad. 

12mo.  Cloth.  50  cents. 



This  work  aims  to  instruct  the  peaceable  and  law-abiding  citizens  in  the 
best  means  of  protecting  themselves  from  the  attacks  of  the  brutal  and 
the  lawless.  Its  contents  are  as  follows:  The  Pistol  as  a Weapon  of  De- 
fence—The  Carrying  of  Fire-Arms— Different  kinds  of  Pistols  in  Market; 
how  to  Choose  a Pistol— Ammunition,  different  kinds;  Powder,  Caps, 
Bullets,  Copper  Cartridges,  etc.— Best  form  of  Bullet— How  to  Load- 
Best  charge  for  Pistols— How  to  regulate  the  Charge— Care  of  the  Pistol; 
how  to  clean  it — How  to  handle  and  carry  the  Pistol— How  to  Learn  to 
Shoot — Practical  use  of  the  Pistol;  how  to  Protect  yourself  and  how  to 
Disable  your  antagonist. 

“No  man  is  fit  to  keep  house  who  is  not  fit  to  defend  iV*— Henry  Ward 
Beecher. 

“ So  long  as  rogues  cannot  be  prevented  from  carrying  weapons,  honest 
men  do  not  consult  their  own  safety  and  the  public  good  by  totally  dis- 
carding them.”— i^ecorcZer  Hackett. 

“Such  I hold  to  be  the  genuine  use  of  gunpowder;  that  it  makes  all  men 
alike  call  (or  strong.)” — Carlyle. 

For  Sale  by  aU  Newsdealers,  or  Sent  postpaid  by  Kail  on  receipt  of  price 


I 


WHAT  PEOPLE  SAY  OF  US. 

In  a letter  to  the  Editor,  Oliver  Wendel  Holmes,  the  genial  “Autocrat 
of  the  Breakfast  Table,”  says:  “I  am  much  pleased  with  the  Youno 
Scientist.  It  makes  me  want  to  bo  a boy  again.” 

“ It  is  a little  publication,  calculated  to  call  out  and  educate  aU  the 
latent  ingenuity  and  thirst  for  knowledge  which  the  youthful  mind  pos- 
sesses, and  we  hope  it  will  win  its  way  into  every  household  in  the  land.” — 
[Scientific  Press. 

“We  have  never  seen  a periodical,  designed  for  youth,  which  came 
nearer  to  our  ideal  of  what  such  a journal  should  be.” — [Canadian  Phar- 
maceutical Journal. 

“The  Youno  SciENnsT  is  one  of  the  choicest  publications  for  juvenile 
minds  in  this  country.  Every  page  treats  on  subjects  of  importance  to 
young  and  old,  portrayed  in  a clearly  comprehensive  manner,  which  at 
once  interests  the  young  idea  in  its  careful  perusal.”— [Lapeer  Clarion. 

“It  seems  to  fill  the  bill.”— [Newport  Daily  News. 

“It  is  pleasing  to  note  that  its  youthful  subscribers  will  not  be  misled 
by  clap-trap  advertisements  or  advertisements  of  patent  medicines,  which 
uull  not  be  received  at  any  price.  The  Young  Scientist  is  doing  good 
work  in  setting  its  face  against  this  class  of  humbugs.”— [Manufacturing 
and  Trade  Review. 

“The  work  is  a copiously  illustrated  monthly,  and  is  full  of  practical 
hints  that  will  instruct  and  amuse  the  young  folks.”— [Industrial  School 
Advocate. 

“A  small  but  elegant  and  very  instructive  monthly.”— [Pittsburg 
Chronicle. 

“ Contains  the  best  possible  reading  for  the  young  of  both  sexes.”— 
[Ottawa  Journal. 

“ We  can  safely  recommend  this  magazine  as  one  of  the  very  best 
publications  for  the  young  folks.”— [The  Independent,  Fenton,  Mich. 

“ This  journal  occupies  a new  field,  and  is  needed  to  put  the  minds  of 
our  youth  on  the  right  track  to  secure  a correct  understanding  of  the 
nature  of  things.”— [Wayland  Press. 

“It  is  ably  edited  by  John  Phin,  who  will  make  a large  place  in  the 
heart  of  the  rising  generation,  if  he  persists  in  his  venture.  We  hope  his 
success  in  the  field  will  be  equal  to  the  article  furnished— first  best.” — 
[Sunset  Chimes. 

“The  articles  are  Written  in  a popular,  readable  style,  and  profusely 
illustrated.” — Akron  City  Times. 

“The  Young  Scjientist  is  excellent  in  conception,  and  well  designed  to 
amuse  and  instruct  young  people,”— [Chicago  Evening  Journal. 

“ The  Young  Scientist  is  a handsome  monthly  magazine,  each  number 
containing  about  16  pages,  handsomely  illustrated.  It  will  supply  a 
place  which  has  been  heretofore  unoccupied.  The  copy  before  us  comes 
rally  up  to  the  promise  of  the  prospectus.”— [The  Times,  Iroquois,  Mich. 

“It  is  a journal  which  should  be  in  the  hands  of  both  young  and  old, 
and  is  a great  benefit  to  the  young  scientist  as  well  as  the  advanced  pro- 
fessor. It  is  a thousand  times  more  valuable  than  the  dime  novel  series, 
BO  much  read  by  boys.  Parents  would  do  well  to  have  it  in  their  house- 
holds.”— [The  Iron  Home. 

“This  publication  is  a new  launch,  and  it  is  very  gratifying  to  witness 
the  ableness  which  pervades  its  pages.”— Amherst  Free  Press. 


THE  AMERICAN 

Journal  of  Microscopy. 



PROSPECTUS-SIXTH  YEAR-1881 

The  object  of  the  Journal  of  Microscopy  is  to  diffuse  a knowledge  of  the  best 
methods  of  using  the  Microscope;  of  all  valuable  improvements  in  the  instrument  and 
its  accessories ; of  all  new  methods  of  microscopical  investigation,  and  of  the  most 
recent  results  of  microscopical  research.  The  Journal  does  not  address  itself  to  those 
who  have  long  pursued  certain  special  lines  of  research,  and  whose  wants  can  be 
supplied  onfy  by  elaborate  papers,  which,  from  their  thoroughness,  are  entitled  to  be 
called  monographs  rather  than  mere  articles.  It  is  intended  rather  to  meet  the  wants 
of  those  who  use  the  microscope  for  purposes  of  general  study,  medical  work,  class 
instruction,  and  even  amusement,  and  who  desire,  in  addition  to  the  information  afforded 
by  text-books,  such  a knowledge  of  what  others  are  doing  as  can  be  derived  only  from 
a periodical.  With  this  object  in  view,  therefore,  the  publishers  propose  to  make  the 
Journal  so  simple,  practical  and  trustworthy,  that  it  will  prove  to  the  advantage 
of  every  one  who  uses  the  microscope  at  all  to  take  it. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. — The  Journal  will  be  freely  illustrated  by  engravings 
representing  either  objects  of  natural  history  or  apparatus  connected  with  the 
microscope. 

TRANSACTIONS  OF  SOCIETIES.-^The  American  Journal  of  Micro- 
scopy is  not  the  organ  of  any  Society,  but  it  gives  the  proceedings  of  all  Societies 
whose  officers  send  us  a report.  As  the  Journal  is  devoted  wholly  to  Microscopy,  and 
is  in  good  form  and  size  for  binding,  no  better  medium  can  be  had  for  preserving  the 
scientific  records  of  any  Society.  Matters  of  mere  business  routine  we  are  frequently 
obliged  to  omit  for  w ant  of  room. 

EXCHANGES. — An  important  feature  of  the  Journal  is  the  exchange  column,  by 
means  of  which  workers  in  different  parts  of  the  country  are  enabled,  without  expense, 
except  for  postage,  to  exchange  slides  and  materials  with  each  other. 

Published  Monthly  at  $1.00  a year. 

SPECmENS  FREE. 

Four  copies  for  three  dollars.  Those  who  wish  to  economize  in  the  direction  of 
periodicals,  would  do  well  to  examine  our  clubbing  list. 

Foreign  Subscribers. — The  Journal  wall  be  sent,  postage  paid,  to  any  country  in 
the  Postnl  Union  for  $1.24,  or  5 shillings  sterling  per  year.  English  postage  stamps, 
American  currency  or  American  postage  stamps  taken  in  payment.  In  return  for  a 
postal  order  or  draft  for  5s.,  five  copies  of  the  Journal  will  be  furnished  and  mailed 
to  different  addresses.  Make  all  drafts  and  postal  ordeis  payable  to  John  Phin. 

IB  A.  O Is.  ’^ToJ.-VLUOLGS^m 

Vol.  I is  out  of  print  We  are  occasionally  able  to  complete  volumes  which,  when 
bound,  we  offer  for  $1.50.  Of  Vols.  II,  III  and  IV  we  have  a few  copies  on  hand. 
Price  $1.50  each. 

ifiiezia.  ezxtfil. 

The  Journal  of  Microscopy,  from  its  very  nature,  is  a visitor  to  the  very  best 
families,  and  its  value  as  an  advertising  medium  has  therefore  proved  to  be  much 
above  that  of  average  periodicals.  A few  select  advertisements  will  be  inserted  at  the 
rate  of  30  cents  per  line,  nonpariel  measure,  of  which  twelve  lines  make  an  inch. 
Address 

AMERICAN  JObRNAL  OF  MICROSCOPY, 

P.  O.  Box  2852,  New  York, 


Thirty-seventh  Year  of  Republication! 


THE 

London  Lancet  for  1881. 

A monthly  Journal  of  British  and  Foreign  medicine,  Physiology, 
Surgery,  Chemistry,  Criticism,  Literature  and  News* 


EDITED  BY 

G.  W^KLEY,  M.D.,  M.U.C.S. 


^ Tlie  American  Edition,  as  pnMislied.  by  tlie  In- 
dustrial Publication  Co.,  contains  EVEHYXHIINCr 
relating  to  Nledical  matters  tbat  appears  in  tlie 
orig-inal  Eondon  edition. 

THE  LANCET  is  the  oldest  and  most  Practical  Medical  Journal 
published  in  the  English  language,  and  is  the  national  British  organ 
of  Science  in  its  relations  to  the  human  frame. 

THE  LANCET  is  edited  by  a corps  of  the  most  distinguished 
physicians  of  the  British  Metropolis,  and  numbers  among  its  con- 
tributors, the  best  medical  and  surgical  talent  of  Europe. 

THE  LANCET  for  1881,  will  contain  over  1200  double-column 
pages  of  closely  printed  matter,  exclusive  of  the  advertising  sheets. 
The  type  is  clear,  and  printed  on  the  very  best  calendered  book  paper. 
Our  pages  contain  nearly  twice  as  much  reading  matter  as  any  other 
monthly  medical  journal  published  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Every 
effort  will  be  made  to  continue  this  Work,  as  it  ever  has  been,  the 
Standard  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

Illustrated  with  engravingsby  the  best  artists. 

Subscription  $5.00  per  year.  Single  Numbers  50  cts.  each. 

Specimen  Copies  {ptir'  selection),  cents. 


For  Club  Kates,  Subscriptions,  Advertisements,  etc,,  address 

THE  INDUSTRIAL  PUBLICATION  COMPANY, 

14  I>ey  Street,  New  York. 


NEW  WORKING  MICROSCOPE. 

Manufactured  by  Geo.  Wale. 

Price— With  two  Eye- Pieces,  2-3  and  IS  Objectives,  Iris 

EiaphragKKt,  and  Elach  Walnut  Case,  - - - - $35* 

INDUSTRIAL  PUBLICATION  COMPANY, 

14  Dey  Street,  New  York,  Sole  Agents. 


THE  NEW  WORKING  MICROSCOPE. 

This  Microscope  has  just  been  brought  out  by  Mr.  Geo.  Wale,  whose 
reputation  as  a maker  of  fine  stands  is  so  well  known.  It  embodies 
several  new  and  important  features,  foremost  amongt  which  is  the 
method  of  hanging  the  body,  so  that  it  may  be  made  to  incline  at 
any  angle.  The  method  now  in  general  use  for  this  purpose  changes 
the  position  of  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  instrument,  and  renders 
the  microscope  more  or  less  unsteady.  The  new  method  avoids  this 
difidculty.  and  at  the  same  time  furnishes  a secure  and  convenient 
means  of  clamping  the  body  at  any  position—a  point  of  considerable 
importance,  when  the  instrument  is  used  for  some  purposes. 

The  stage  is  of  a new  construction,  very  thin,  so  as  to  admit  the 
greatest  obliauity  in  the  illumination  of  objects,  and  with  clips  which 
move  round  it,  thus  giving  many  of  the  advantages  of  a rotary  stage. 
The  clips  may  be  easily  and  quickly  removed,  so  as  to  leave  a clear 
stage,  and  they  may  also  be  so  applied  as  to  hold  the  slide  against  the 
under  side  of  the  stage,  when  very  oblique  light  is  required  for  re- 
solving difficult  test  objects. 

There  are  two  means  of  adjusting  for  focus,  a coarse  movebient  by 
means  of  a well-made  rack  and  pinion,  and  a fine  movement,  in  which 
the  entire  body  is  moved  by  what  is  generally  called  a “micrometer** 
screw,  acting  on  a lever.  The  latter  movement  has  this  great  advan- 
tage, that  it  does  not  change  the  distance  between  the  eye-piece  and  the 
objective  (as  is  the  case  with  most  of  the  English  fine  movements),  and 
consequently  does  not  vary  the  magnifying  power  of  the  instrument— 
an  important  point  in  making  delicate  micrometric  measurements. 

The  diaphragm  is  of  the  Iris  pattern,  a form  which  is  generally 
acknowledged  to  be  the  best,  but  which  has  hitherto  been  very  costly, 
those  usually  supplied  being  sold  for  $16.  This  Iris  diaphragm  is  a new 
form,  which,  with  several  other  features  of  this  stand,  has  been  patented 
by  Mr.  Wale.  It  may  be  easily  and  quickly  applied  or  removed. 

The  New  Working  Microscope  is  of  substantial  make,  elegant  design, 
and  thoroughly  good  workmanship.  It  has  the  Society  screw ; draw- 
tube.  with  Society  screw  at  lower  end  for  receiving  long  focus  objectives, 
analyzing  prism,  etc.;  plane  and  concave  mirrors,  the  distance  of 
which  from  the  object  may  be  varied;  two  Eye-pieces;  2-3  and  1-5 
Objectives  of  ,Wale’s  Histological  Series.  The  1-5  easily  and  clearly 
resolves  the  P.  Angulatum  with  light  of  a very  slight  degree  of  obliquity. 

This  Microscope,  with  draw-tube  pulled  out,  and  the  body  inclined, 
as  shown  in  the  figure,  stands  13X  inches  high ; the  draw-tube  pulls  out 
so  as  to  give  the  standard  length  of  body.  10  inches.  When  placed  in  a 
vertical  position,  with  the  draw-tube  pushed  in,  the  instrument  stands 
only  10>^  inches  high,  so  that  it  can  be  used  comfortably  on  an  ordinary 
table.  This  is  a great  convenience  in  the  rapid  examination  of  liquids. 
It  is  very  complete  in  all  its  appointments,  is  capable  of  receiving  and 
doing  justice  to  any  accessories,  and  is  contained  in  a handsome  black 
walnut  box,  with  brass  handle,  lock  and  key.  It  is  equal  to  all  the 
ordinary  requirements  of  any  physician,  student  or  naturalist. 

PRICE— With  Accessories,  as  above  described  - $35.00. 


Microscopes  and  Accessories. 

WE  WILL  SEND  OUK  ILLUSTEATED  CATALOGUE  OF 
MIOEOSCOPES  TO  ANY  ADDEESS,  free  of  postage. 


Knives^  Scissors^  Forceps^  etc. 

We  have  just  received  from  London  a fine  assortment  of  Dissecting 
Instruments,  which  we  offer  at  the  following  very  low  prices: 


Large  Case  of  Knives,  Scissors,  etc $12.00 

Medium  “ “ 7.60 

Small  “ “ 5.00 

Valentine  Knives— very  superior 6.00 

Spring  Elbow  Scissors — very  fine,  with  ivory  handles 3.00 

Fine  Knives  for  Microscopic  work,  ivory  handles 75 

Fine  Steel  Forceps — straight  and  curved 1.00 


Maltwood  Finders. 

We  have  on  hand  a few  Maltwood  Finders,  of  American  make,  which  we 
offer  for  $2.50  each. 

We  have  carefully  compared  these  Finders  with  the  English  ones,  and  a 
comparison  of  several  from  both  sources  shows  that  they  do  not  vary  as 
much  amongst  each  other  or  from  the  average  London  Finder,  as  the 
London  Finders  vary  amongst  themselves. 


Micrometers. 

The  following  Micrometers  are  well-made,  and  are  offered  at  the  very 
low  prices  annexed,  because  they  are  made  in  large  quantities: 

(On  Glass  Slides,  3 by  1.) 

100  to  the  inch $ 75 

100  and  1,000 1.00 

100,  1,000  and  2,000 1.25 

100,  1,000  and  5,000 1.50 

(On  Ivory.) 

These  are  made  specially  for  the  use  of  Botanists,  Entomologists,  Min- 
eralogists, etc.,  and  are  intended  to  boused  with  dissecting  microscopes 
or  simple  microscopes. 

100  to  the  inch 20,  30  and  50  cents,  according  to  quality. 

200  to  the  inch 80  cents. 


l ocJcet  Magnifiers. 

Nothing  is  more  useful  than  a good  pocket  magnifier  for  examining  any- 
thing from  an  engraving  or  a bill  to  the  smallest  insect.  We  have  three 
magnifiers  which  are  made  in  large  quantity,  and  we  can  therefore  sell 
them  at  very  low  prices.  Quality  excellent: 

No.  1— Compact,  bellows  shape  frame  or  case,  suitable  for  en- 
gravings, fiowers,  etc 25  cents 

No.  2— Higher  power,  with  diaphragm,  very  fine,  suitable  for  bot- 
anists and  entomologists,  made  thin  for  vest  pocket 50  cents 

No.  3— Doublet,  mounted  in  brass,  with  handle.  Very  flat  field, 
excellent  definition  and  good  working  distance.  Just  the 

thing  for  dissecting  plants  and  insects $3.00 

Any  of  the  above  sent  free  by  mail  on  receipt  of  price. 


JSTEW  DESIG-ISTS 


FOE 


Eret  or  Scroll  Sawyers. 


MR.  F.  HODGSON,  whose  admirable  series  of  articles  on  the  USE  OF  THE 
SCROLL  SAW  are  now  in  course  of  publication  in  the  Young  Scientist,  has  pre- 
pared for  us  a series  of 

SEVENTEEN  ]>ESIONS, 

of  which  the  following  is  a list : 

No.  I. — This  shows  one  side,  back,  and  bottom,  of  a pen  rack.  It  may  be  made 
of  ebony,  walnut,  or  other  dark  wood. 

No.  2. — Design  for  inlaying  drawer  fronts,  table  tops,  box  lids,  and  many  other 
things.  It  is  a sumach  leaf  pattern. 

No.  3. — Design  for  a thermometer  stand.  It  may  be  made  of  any  hard  wood  or 
alabaster.  The  method  of  putting  together  is  obvious. 

No.  4. — This  shows  a design  for  a lamp  screen.  The  open  part  may  be  covered 
with  tinted  silk,  or  other  suitable  material,  with  some  appropriate  device  worked  on 
with  the  needle,  or,  if  preferred,  ornaments  may  be  painted  on  the  silk,  etc. 

No.  5. — A case  for  containing  visiting  cards.  Will  look  best  made  of  white  holly. 

No.  6. — A placque  stand,  it  may  be  made  of  any  kind  of  dark  or  medium  wood. 

No.  7. — A design  for  ornaments  suitable  for  a window  cornice.  It  should  be 
made  of  black  walnut,  and  overlaid  on  some  light  colored  hard  wood. 

No.  8 — A design  for  a jewel  casket.  This  will  be  very  pretty  made  of  white  holly 
and  lined  with  blue  velvet.  It  also  looks  well  made  of  ebony  lined  with  crimson. 

No.  9. — Frame.  Will  look  well  made  of  any  dark  wood. 

No.  10. — Frame.  Intended  to  be  made  in  pairs.  Looks  well  made  of  white  holly, 

with  leaves  and  flowers  painted  on  wide  stile. 

No.  II. — Horseshoe.  Can  be  made  of  any  kind  of  wood  and  used  for  a pen  rack. 
When  decorated  with  gold  and  colors,  looks  very  handsome. 

No.  12. — Design  for  a hinge  strap.  If  made  of  black  walnut,  and  planted  on  a 
white  or  oaken  door,  will  look  well. 

No.  13. — Design  for  a napkin  ring.  May  be  made  of  any  kind  of  hard  wood. 

No.  14. — Hinge  strap  for  doors  with  narrow  stiles. 

No.  15. — Centre  ornament  for  panel. 

No.  16. — Corner  ornament  for  panel. 

No.  17. — Key-hole  escutcheon. 

These  designs  we  have  had  photo-lithographed  and  printed  on  good  paper,  so  that 
the  outlines  are  sharp,  and  the  opposite  sides  of  each  design  symmetrical.  Common 
designs  are  printed  from  coarse  wooden  blocks,  and  are  rough  and  unequal,  so  that 
it  is  often  impossible  to  make  good  work  from  them. 

The  series  embraces  over  forty  different  pieces,  and  designs  of  equal  quality  cannot 
be  had  for  less  than  five,  ten  or  fifteen  cents  each.  We  offer  them  for  twenty-five 
cents  for  the  set,  which  is  an  average  price  of  only  one  cent  and  a half  each. 

Mailed  to  any  address  on  receipt  of  price. 

INDUSTRIAL  PUBLICATION  CO., 

14  Dej  Street,  New  York. 


SHEET  NO.  2. 

REDUCED  FIGURES  OF 

NEW  DESIGNS  FOR  FRET  OR  SCROLL  SAWYERS. 

SIZE  OF  SHEETS  28  BY  22  INCHES. 

(For  description  see  preeeding  page,) 


^ 

■ 


